4 


'^M^^^y^^ 


HENDY'S 

Handy  Atlas  of  the  World 


Containing  New  Maps  of  Each  State  and  Territory 
in  the  United  States  and  Each  Country  in  the  World 


Also  Practical  Pointers  and  Con- 
densed Data  for  the  Machinist, 
Mechanic,   Millman  and  Miner. 


W^orks  at  ^hrty^ale,  JCalifornitf   • 


1910 

JOSHUA  HENDY  IRON  WORKS 

Office  and  Salesroom:    75  Fremont  Street,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 


ALPHABETICAL   LIST   OF   STATES 
AND   COUNTRIES 

Indicating  the  Maps  in  the  Atlas  on  which  they  are  shown 


PAGE 

Abyssinia 77 

Afghanistan 80 

Africa 77 

Alabama 35 

Alaska 66 

Alberta 14 

Algeria 77 

Anam 80 

Andorra 78 

Angola 77 

Antarctic  Regions 83 

Arabia 80 

Arctic  Region  r. 84 

Argentina    76 

Arizona 01 

Arkansas 47 

Asia 80 

Australia 81 

Austria- MiniKi-rj-    78 

Azores  Islands 77 

Bahama  Islands 71 

Baluchistan 80 

Barbados 71 

Belgium 78 

Belize 73 

Bhutan 80 

Bokhara SO 

Bolivia 76 

Borneo 82 

Bosnia 78 

Brazil 70 

British  Columbia 15 

British  Honduras 73 

British  Isles 70 

Bulgaria 78 

Burma 80 

California 62 

Cambodia 80 

Canada 9 

Canal  Zone,  U.  S 70 

Canary  Islands 77 

Cape  Breton  I 10 

Cape  of  Good  Hope.. .  .  77 

Caroline  Islands 82 

Central  Africa,  British..  77 

Central  America 73 

Cevlon 80 

Chile 76 

China 80 

Colombia 76 

Colorado 5!) 

Connecticut 24 

Costa  Rica 73 

Crete 78 

Cuba 70 

Curacao 71 

Dahomey 77 

Delaware 28 

Denmark 78 

Fast  Africa,  British.  ...  77 
Fast  Africa,  German ...  77 
East  Africa,  Portugue.ee.  77 

East  Indies 82 

Ecuador 76 


PAGT  PAGE 

Egypt 77     Missouri 46 

England 79     Montana 55 

Erythrea .  .  .  , 77     Montenegro 78 

Europe 78     Morocco 77 


Florida.  . 
Formosa. 
France . . 


Georgia 

Germany 

Gold  Coa:it 

Greece 

Greenland 

Guam 

Guatemala 

Guiana,  British 

Guiana,  Dutch 

Guiana,  French 

Guinea,  Portuguese.. 

Haiti 

Hawaii 

Holland 

Honduras 

Hungary 


Iceland 

Idaho 

Illinois 

India 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Ireland 

Italy  

Ivory  Coast 

Jamaica 71 , 

Japan 

Java 

Kamerun 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Kongo,  French  .  .  . 

Kongo  State 

Korea 


Leeward  Islands . 

Liberia 

Louisiana.  .... 
Luxemburg 

Madagascar.  .  .  . 
Madeira  Islands. 

Maine.  .  ,• 

Malta.  .  \  .  ;  .  .  .  . 

Manchuria 

Manitoba ...... 

M?J'iAn'ne  islands 


M'lX' tS r/i 8  Piv^ Vihces . 
Marshall  Idfarids .  .  . 

Maryland 

Massachusett.s 

Mexico 

Michigan 

Midway  I.sland .... 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 


34 

80 

78 

33 

78 
77 
78 
8 
18 
73 
76 
76 
76 
77 

71 
67 
78 
73 

78 

78 
57 
43 
80 
40 
45 
79 
78 
77 

73 

80 
82 

77 
51 
37 

77 
77 
80 

71 

77 
48 
78 

77 
77 
19.. 

7,8. ; 

8<) 
13 
82.' 

Hi 

28 
22 
72 
41 
82 
44 
36 


Natal 80 

Nebraska 52 

Nepal 80 

Netherlands 78 

Nevada 63 

New  Bnmswick 10 

Newfoundland 10 

New  Guinea S2 

New  Hampshire 21 

New  Jersey 26 

New  Mexico 60 

New  South  Wales 81 

New  York 25 

New  Zealand 81 

Nicaragua 73 

Nigeria 77 

North  America 8 

North  Carolina 31 

North  Dakota 53 

North  Polar  Regions.  .84,85 
Northwest  Territories .  .      9 

Norway 78 

Nova  Scotia 10 

Nubia 77 


Oceania 3 

Ohio 39 

Oklahoma 50 

Oman 80 

Ontario 12 

Orange  River  C^olony. .  .  77 

Oregon 64 

Pacific  Ocean 82 

Palestine 80 

Panama 73 

Panama  Canal 88,  89 

Panama  Canal  Zone.  .  .  70 

Paraguay 76 

Pennsylvania 27 

Persia 80 

Peru 76 

Philippine  Islands 68 

Porto  Rico 69 

Portugal 78 

Prince  Edward  Island .  .  10 

Quebec 11 

Queensland 81 

IFShoae  Island 23 

Rh»)desia 77 

Rio  de-  Ore .  77 

RQumania 78 

Passifi..! 78 

Russia  in  Asia 80 

Salvador 73 

Samoa 18 

Santo  Domingo 71 

Sa.'skatchewan 14 

Scotland 79 

Senegal 77 


PAGB 

Senegambia 77 

Servia 78 

Siam 80 

Siberia 80 

Sierra  Leone 77 

Solomon  Islands f.2 

Somali  Coast,  British.  ..  77 

Somali  Coast,  French. .  .  77 

Somaliland,  Italian  ....  77 

South  America 76 

South  Australia 81 

South  Carolina 32 

South  Dakota 54 

South  Polar  Regions.  .  .  83 
Southwest  Africa,  Ger- 
man    77 

Snain 78 

Straits  Settlements ....  80 

Sudan 77 

Sumatra 80 

Sweden 78 

Switzerland 78 

Tasmania 81 

Tennessee 38 

Texas 49 

Togoland 77 

Tonkin 80 

Transvaal  Colony  .  .       .77 

Trinidad 71 

Tripoli 77 

Tunis 77 

Turkey 78 

Turkev  in  Asia 80 

Tutuila 82 

LTngava 9 

UnitedStates,Political  16,17 
United  States,  Showing 
Acquisitions  of  Terri- 
tory    18 

Uruguay 76 

Utah 68 

Venezuela 76 

Vermont 20 

Victoria 81 

Virginia 29 

Wales 79 

Washington 65 

West  Indies 71 

West  Virginia 30 

Western  Australia 81 

Windward  Islands 71 

Wisconsin 42 

World,    on    Equivalent 

Proiection 4 

World,  Political 3 

World,    Showing    Com- 
mercial Languages ...  6 
World,    Showing    State 

Organizations 5 

World,  Showing  Timber 

Supply 7 

Wyoming 56 

Yukon 9 


Copyriprht,  1907.  by  C.  S.  Hammond  &  Co.,  New  York 
Copyrijfht.  mn.  bv  C.  S.  Hammond  &  Co.,  New  York 
Copyriglit,  IWJ,  by  C.  S.  Hammond  &  Co.,  New  York 


ATLAS    OF  THE  WORLT?" 


3y7K«i 


ATLAS    OF  THE  WORLD 


Is 


O 

1-4 

H 
U 

W 

H 

W 


:d 

O    § 

^ 

?^     rl 

w 

>!     t 

re 

O^ 

H 

<   =* 

Z  § 

2: 
o 

J  1 

X   f? 

p 

W   g" 

o 


o 

Oh 


o   O       -o 


■OS® 


3  5:.S 


•=  s 


•-        £-   - 

»  K  «  a!  O  J3 

■S-  ^S  5'3 

44  3)  3  ;-  o  S 

°5  *  c  °  " 

fe  5  ^■=  .5  a 

■     ■""  c  3 

!.  o  o  a 


CS  '5  ! 


c  -«•*  o  ? 
o  5  c  a  u  * 

-;5'"-  O   C   >. 
o         S    _   «   O 

.       «  a  3^ 

S    O  u    ^    1)    g 
ai    O    o  ._  i    4, 

><  ^  -5     S 

o  ♦^  'S  Si  .b  'O 

■»  o  "  K  li 
•2  -s  o  S  S  x 

a  o  o  t  &  g 
s  d  .-  E"  « 

P-  2  S  ■*  S  » 
■=  t  g  0)55 

I  a«^  ^  o-s 
J II  hi 

■  .  d  s  S  S  £  § 
"i  2  «  O  -S 


=  s 


:.i 


.  -  i  2i  J^o-s 

-"  S'S  d  g    -J^ 


o-  ■; 


_  5S"     _ 
S  5  d  ^ 

'''sort       i 
-  -*  -  2  I  J  c  ' 


CO        c 
«^      d  u      c 

0       <  tk 


§5 
p 

d    « 
d   'S 

-  g 
^£ 

«d^ 

01   0   C3 


dUS 


"ill 


g  00  H 


e  u  ^ 


ATLAS    OF  THE  WORLD 


ir 


^ 


3    O    1 

111 


ill 


ATLAS   OF  THE  WORLD 


r 


►hW  I    2    I    O    I 

OH  !5  <  i  3  s? 
5  z  fc  z 


'^  o 


O    U.     O-     to     O 

nil' 


'°^^j4»' 


^1 


1-5  o 


_!ls 


ATLAS    OF  THE  WORLD 


ATLAS    OF  THE  WORLD 


/■*■ 


Jft.Ht 


Santa  f ?  J\  ><iutirfl7AiiKrei^- 


as^v- 


'^jiuJS 


:'l.    u^H^'*^ 


NOHTII 
AMERICA 


ATLAS    OF  THE  WORLD 


10 


ATLAS   OF  THE  WORLD 


ATLAS    OF  THE  WORLD 


XI 


12 


ATLAS    OF  THE   WORLD 


-- « 


-Oil  ] 


S    ?   ° 


I 


11 

<•%//£    L^  llC   V    STL  IS*"^!  s .'!  0*  i  1^ 


u 


ATLAS    OF  THE  WORLD 


13 


14 


ATLAS   OF  THE  WORLD 


ATLAS   OF  THE  WORLD 


f  Qa;,^    Trout  Zake 


Se^ 


'«,F°'"-i 


'^^. 


BRITISH 
COLUMBIA 

Scale  of  Mi  les 
I  I    I    I    I  I 

0  60  100 

Tiailraidg 

Pa ilrmils  Projected 
Important  Telegraph  Cines 

Capitals 

Size  of  type  indicates  relativa 
importance  of  places 

C.8. HAMMOND  &  CO.,  N.Y» 


16 


ATLAS   OF  THE  WORLD 


ATLAS   OP  THE  WORLD 


17 


18 


ATLAtS   OP  THE  WORLD 


ATLAS   OF  THE  WORLD 


20 


ATLAS   OP  THE  WORLD 


„,.    Morrls^owri^*! 


W  .^ 


^  Gallup  M 


cr; 


0^ 


>- 


■  Bborcbam/ 

/^     Pitlslol 


^%^Z 


„  I    ,,-.N.-C.iai-i^ 


tl  Widdletaw^lSprXV  vn]»  tfi  Pljraouth  Uni(  n 


.S  %«■/*/  Che, 


lO    S.Woodstock 


Felchville-jJJi„,„. 


-J'";.; 


hville-J^ 


artland^.llarlland 


Tllle 


•m^syiuio 
^"''^Midond.??;""^\B.<to, 
:-'^''<'°l'i'!R    Windham      -^V 
■lancheuW^     /Orafto    ^*    - 

E.Arll„^<^5^J^g^J^ 

wKyiai%^^.ve-^«"^* 

tehafUbu/y  (  //I  WilWrnuTlll. 

Ben|iingt|on^"^JSQrarl^fotp--^.>^f  c 
/   Bavi«-Pridra;J7V|  .^jrattleboroTI  | 

rial    ,j  I  ^  •i7/fc,J,..v. ,?.,,.;,,.        Wo 

rA^t~ 


'eport 

ckingham 
ellows  Falls 


t^ 


vekmo:nt 


i — r 


78°    LoBjltuda      B  Wait         7a°80        from       C       Or»eawlat      T»° 


ATLAS   OF  THE  WORLD 


21 


B 


l!f EW  HAMPSHIRE 

Sole  of  Mllw  


Rich  ford  II  7 
Montgomerj  % 


'^ 


d0 


^' 


□AVaterbui 


f. 


'Ma 


'Du 


Tr: 


^ 


,      ^ni'Terton        BerliniMierli^«ll» 


/hitefield^ 

'ing  RoaclJ 


ttfeSU(W.,J, 


ij 


■  r^urE.HaverMll 


DrfoV-al.:^ 

xOrfJrflvjll. 


iCptfiish  Flat''™ 


'^^P^E.Have  Mil      m^fUWmeW^Jj-  ft  >^r|-4 

VierLiaiSifmmU      WVoodsiS(fi<1\^er.y„f5   jit^  «r(£J'J|',l     tX 
fSv-al;/    JVarrcn     .4Vv.Th«rp(oi  Irf:-,  l^-MfdisoDl      ^''*<' | 


itSil' 


^ConilBh;,Center 
.--iSfSN^^^^J^tieV^jg  New  LonUoD 


/£    U  A    LojHCh«rl;;it«Wn_5'/^5lef°^ito^*SS'=''  X^ST^lil   )      o 

if  I  ■  \Pm  S.Ao*dVth/ fftlfi^J"!,!      ,,  Contoooooy*u:jkm'f^'>;    E. 

*-*   V    >  \\fr     /^uiBingfoi'fwVlfnnikev^t-^SNCORDM-f'"  ?< 


Point  ^ 


Tt°80' 


B        Lsiiclluda    n 


TO*SO' 


22 


ATLAS   OF  THE  WORLD 


ATLAS    OF  THE  WORLD 


23 


Sandy  Pt. 

Salt  P(l-i 

BLOCK  I, 

■  Block  1. 


KHODE  I^LAKD 


8c»leof  Mile» 


24 


ATLAS    OF  THE  WORLD 


ATLAS   OF  THE  WORLD 


25 


216 


ATLAS    OF  THE  WORLD 


NE^y  JEKSEY 


.Mauch  Chunck^ 


v^i 


Quakcno' 


^V^^oiL" 


^^'and^  ^ooA 


.7 


Lansuale 


x^     p*  .X"  'X""7    ~      >;»  .        >£:•*■  V  ^N-JTKiriVi&ntic  Highlands 
•^irn  ^   Mon&uuth      %^  /H'llctX  ^'Ji^Baighlands 

':„;..„A/iF7>vJ'''-'-    >Wickatunk3  MiildletoTOl  j<3,,g„  „.  _ 
/        '""'^''"/SS^ajSB^amesburg     \s  Rod  Bankmea!* '="'" 
JVnninrfloa    prin-JjW'  J    A^\      Marlboro},  ShfcTObjy/SS^lLone  1 

*>      H./^^!.' !r  I  Adelphia'J  ^5\!  /.  'occan  SAsburj  Park  . 

ImlajBtoivn      Farminj<)alei\  ^^iSsbradlej  Beach 

Bur<)<:Qti7^2^vV/        Alrentown   Lower  Snuaokumy    ^*^^^  ^'^prlng  Lako 
^)^^^S^^^^   Cro8Swiicks\J        .,,    V  r>  /  T 

XlJo*        OP,  ,^  ,>-]■  i'-yanhisevmeJl'akei.oi 

V^^K^  "  FleldsbJco  ^^_\  >^-~„     v    WPo^  iil  I'leaEant 

OsbornevUl^J-^'^"'"'"'''"'' 
Lakehurstr^SirveTton  q 


''*''; '^j'\    -  .    -V  ..».u=o  .o 

ViT.!.  ,rR\ffOO<3  ^'^"''-7  V  mcentown^-. 


J^\r,S6«ooa 


Chatsworth' 


H  -^      \^/^  Bttarptown 
<.  V^  /PennBvUle 


,»» 


/vVJUi* 


bClaj 


Dareto 
■'AUowaj' 


'  Elmer 
f  '■/Mala: 


Winslo" 

Frankllnviiu/ 

cwtonvyllc 


i  Mills. 


^a, 


Earnegat^ 


bank  )  /  *-X-y  J^yw 


Roadstown 


^liigantine  Jc. 


ckxie?T^Y"^''~^l''''"°''-        IX    X'^'°'°^  Smith's  Landing 

IglisfC 


Egg  Harbor  KjTty 

I'orl  Il«mblil""°C 


EngKsfi'Creck/jg&S^^  Atlantic  City 


'S«^ort  St: 

tJVV  S^SD^'Dlvidin;!  /y  !.■="-[•-    "J-S.  /o    "V" 

<f\  ^fereek        "Jt&f.      WoodbinN(*<4,X 

D  ^•7  a  to  o  r  e 


Ega  Harbor  Inlet 
jcau  Citj 


=y«i 


"\%        CsiJe  Maj!  Court  riouat. 


B\a.  y     Ri'ograi 

\     Cold  Sprfrs' 


Green  Cre/o^,^;^^ 


I  May      C         Longitude    74'30''\Vest      from  D   Oreenwioh 


^ 


V 


ATLAS    OF  THE  WORLD 


27 


28 


ATLAS   OP  THE  WORLD 


ATLAS   OF  THE  WORLD 


29 


30 


ATLAS   OF  THE  WORLD 


ATLAS    OF  THE  WORLD 


31 


82"^ 


ATLAS    OF  THE  WORLD 


ATLAS    OF  THE  WORLD 


y^9f      Hlnesyllle^ 


V^™),rS^«o„  „     .      TV-?  J       /Lambert? 

,taAdTT'^°'"3?-J?>-oJ  SlLudiwlclX- 

■fteU\Broi.f6n       V'''??'°'''T'-»-i.  \  1^    V'T^' 
■  j  . ,"~" — V  s    M^    SurrencjV<iL  ^O/.Ny'^iy 

■a?N   .   V.   Aim.        "\"ff  V(!y>IXf>dM8V„..      \ 


.V>^      i     I  4  y    ._.(  .   ^ — vvt^  Bristol  I  /'y^Jr    \        i 


(Shellji—  , 
^\|lL(nin/\Eai»on^    ^  Alb 

ri   1,7/cortai  „r,'y*  \ 


\    AUapah 
'SUuptou      vJj^Pei 


"SalTolil 
sBonal 


* — ^  I  I    /V" 
SchlatterTille 


;o^ar>(me  j^„j,„„j>; 


S4 


ATLAS    OF  THE  WORLD 


ATLAS    OF  THE  WORLD 


35 


r 


■4 


OortotfiVs.        WateBW  CloverdaleD      /«    ft«^„  Elkmi 


JS^^SS 


MeLama 


Tonej 


,  "^aSTBlJ 

fNew  Market 

Larkin       Stev. 

•S,\\\V  KJ'<^!- 


:<  Ru|ssellville/« 
Bu/iWP'"'^"      \v„,,  o  KIrby  Daovlllco 

k*    *^    SShottSTllfi'..-' I  Ireland  lIillSli.i....inT*""' 

WheHtono 

,  ,  „  Double    Houston 


[  y'aintrockA 
,  WoodylUo 


^^hottsTl 
Bameffi 


Upshaw 

Cull, 


FalkTlll.     vVarrentoS 


HolljiK>nd''°Joppa 

°r'     OBroolsrille 
BlouVts»!jro„  Walnut  Gr. 


Henaga: 

.angston 


/UFajetIf 

Q 


0. 


^.,^     Bremen- iJ..,o,^  O^J 

j5^*Arkadelphiao/Y'f°J^""     y^hltne; 

Aberdeen,'}'  BlUo     >'-'°X<S'''*^  *  V^\lJa8peTl«^'-/o>W°°''^°X  Z^'- 

■     /jTemon  f    CA»     J**    />  ■''•(fo^^Tv;^^  f  f^Cs'eereek  I    N  «-/i»oDd 

'•^'■".joZJSevT^"— j-rr:     r-^~tscaraiiA  •-  /»>>» 

Star    I    /v?        ^XS^    <s>*  BldlSsbufg^EasJI;  "    " 


P   ffoStar       A.  r    Z^^    o*         5l°°?''"r9X' 

■Adger*. 


ircd*.  oCarLito      °r    oBinonl   s^BessemeV 
^FaIls?*H-o„''* 


L*i°'A-„ 


""V 


Weldonc 
iHelena  ChlldetsbuJ^ 
Wllscnville 
1  Co/un 


'LH^ngt^n 


S?"' 


Ironvllle 
V^awyeryllle        o    ?,^_.,^^^. 


tilt?- 


?'*!• 


'"^e^, 


Uack&onville 
Whiteplalns 

'5enife>l7  **^*, 
Wadega        \  ^rnioo 
Xronaton    ^  Dblta 
'ulga  I  UnevlUe  ^edoweo 

gtoctdalo 

~ySycamoU  •^ 
Sjlacaaga  Almond, 

■"■o^oljioi  Truett  o 'jLouIna 


-~Ve    ■"  oCU""""  Kelljton' 
■4Fenwood^'«oii'jL    Rockford  Alexarid 


lily 


0  Sailer 

Sykes  Mills 


acksona  Gap 
Sandy  Cr., 


uffalo^        ' 


<\>  "-Vi        ^Ai— ->--^W«'     oRadford-f  *V  NaSpfgriers  Sta.l  Ti     °  ^ Sil,IS^->».  \ 

omW^^'  „«riUe  .  \^^™W«elSanLerfleld  >v    ElmoreV-^lfe,,,  tallpSBee^f/Notasulea  ""^'"^  ?^« 


>»'C»-    YLo^°>°'"^ 


Meridian  Whitfield^ 

I  Oakchil 


oNO*-' 


horter  t>  o       Marvju  I 

^       T    .^        ^^.^-^    .w„™.,i„  ,,-     ^„-..      ^      I*        sCalebceSocletyhlU    -o         ^1 


,-+'**a.  Sitm^i^  ^^f^*^    orBurl/nli    ^*<SLc.  *? 
'*'   f'^^'^v'   aolllrene  .  HayneriUe    /      \n„^,„  ^^ 


iTharin  Thgrnpsoij- 


1        ptSlerling^       1      .   ■S"-''*^  ShUoh^^'  ^R,4S!?rdo  fPleaawlhill  °'<'4Jh/Spr.s„eV..  „.  Unjon  SprS^ 


Quitman  ij  Butlcr° 


^idway 


a- 

JV««J*5,dOD 


/C~..j     JJlion?  Mills 


oCocoa        ^  jo  , 

Alameij 
^^n-eejlUe  j,„,(J 
iSprs.a'J:? 


Bradlcjti 

(Greenville  • 

GljSgow 
BolUng  '        ' 


T\  '^Rame/  I   o  pinremess     ^><-^    omwyiiy 

rX     XSJSdygVovo^inwoodf      Whi.^.ls„„  Xi    J 


Patstiun 
Rutledge"^ 


toufsvUle^*    BakerhiU 

<Baiik8, 

Cllo> 


aula 


^Ij^*  Cipmellc 
^^  Beaverjyeado' 


■WhlleponJ  B 

,^        ,  i'nnelSprs./   AbbottigSw^P'^"'-"^'"'' Y'^^rVf    ^^^^T'kZ /T^'^™'"'"'"''' 
SufjsVille        '/  I  yS„  T-       .  B4ntleyi{^r/«„^'^"i''V|>^VC'>"l'™     ehortervllh, 

A.  .      ,  >-    'McKenlieX       >7^  o    ^"4      -*J">='W\  „, .  o      .„        v:^^ 
7-    >        -.<;,>, ---K  «->  i^iup     --       ..        Seariij,,  W^Bullock      f  o  Wllards}  Vl-W"'"'    /(bbeTllta 

aokson.«\CU.bomo  A  Ev.rBro/^/SerbertVu.Wjo^r  ,,,J/  0.arV\,,,o    /  „_o^^ 
*\l   iUanlfoCbesler/Si-  Brocton      AW  NewTllli),,     ,,        ' 
^A/o     ""BapWt  """""if  lUverfalliSV]         Li  /      p\o.    -piigl^e-Ki" J^H«"""" 

Boykln,,^^    «--L^/^     ^^     t^^^^DundeeTIs^ 


Bellevini^ 

'Mt.Pleasant  '   C^tleborry/f 
o  Mineola         Ji\  y     ' 

Blackshcr      WallaceV  KIrk-l 
Steadhamo„  j    landrj 

BrewttSn  Bradlej  Li^^ 


nshaw 


/fBlakely 
'Columbia 


Cllaid  £ob«tt<     Ponds /FU 


Bay! 
Carpenter  \^         ^  ■ 
>f4l«lllo     Waters -^^^        ' 

Mbbile     „.  . 

Stjx 
Daphne 
^1  ^  ^Montrose 

Marlow 
i  Magiioira_8j 
Alabliaia  ^"C"  Joseph] 


fh'ifjm^ion 


\^MIlt6nj 


Highnoto 


Oreitvlew 


ALABAMA 


36 


ATLAS  OP  THE  WORLD 


^ 


mm  Mtn. 
Geevilleo 

I  )  UelhonT       / 
iroorsrille^.-S  C        A  ■j^=."—      y 

<evv-Albany>k     ^,\ae ■/   s7i;al(lv.ln  °Emm»   >- 

Sjloi^uccopoU.  V  'VV  IJ  Dorsej  (o     0/  T 

Tul.o"Pontotoi:^    Tupe!o\X  6  V     Ctaj  I 

/water  ^'"^"Iv^  ]   U  Veto»ai\P"'"t""Jir    {  .        , 

? Coffeevilje^"""'"'""'     I     ottalonaV   AmoV 

^  rittpboro/   1/  ^\  } 

CaBcillaV^^^X-C^CT'^^ — -^^ /iBuenayUta 

QrenadaSrate  Spr». 

S^adaretteo     j,^^^„, 

ca?gr^fc!£^^^ 

\      Killmichacl'-^"'^CrowBville  fc,  DWo 

French  Ca; 

i-\v«ir>'^J'^l^erinan 
-^.'     ^,y;t_<l\.ani»ack"«'Ar  \o < 

a   J      /   "S»'">'"V^  Kerr  tjuis^ille  o^'-P""- 
'•K^     o/<L  EthtUy       u  S  KjIashulavUie^Maoon 

?,-oTurkeT\         L    1^         ^i 
•osciusko     RSrauJll     1^'°""  *•" 


/Goodman  J  ,„i?^i,.[  Coopwo<W  o     1      Shuqualk 

L-po^r.  o^'""""";'  Plat.^.burg\rj_^r«.ou  Bl 

o  Couparle  MorVdell  o  Alice  //'-f  J  \        kSiUs  ' 

aushan         foConwij         t~v-pijiladelp^a         v_; 

Ca'l,de^F'^'''"o5^',^^;    c  °  \^i    I      ^BekalbO 

/     <>c*^-L'udlow  o      \O8'0ve     o       VDormanton  ^        : 

jT   Morton  ^"5°"  .    /C.VJ?"      M.S'^_j/^ — T«™i 


Carmack^^  «'ft^     "VoU^'""      BrookviUe 

MoCoolX  Webster    ,     J    TllftonviUe, 


lluDter  0\ 


^  /  I  Tn 

mississippj: 


Soale  of  MIlM 
0    6    10       2o 


30     440 


ffi       Smfiuila 


">m 


a  0  LF  6r  MEXICO 


OiMnwIeb       80° 


ATLAS    OF  THE  WORLD 


37 


38 


ATLAS    OF  THE  WORLD 


ATLAS   OF  THE  WORLD 


39 


"Jw./ 


Lake         ^Chatham 


^ 


?/UM'i""' 


1^ 

PT.PEUEt    '■^•' 


v>- 


vr 


'^•^ 


■^^ — V" 


ford' 


■yx°li 


""^^  ^Urb-    "'"-'S- \vi  \lll/\fM         T.~»-"i-rn.^toar\lpwiaruv\  (     /l^ew  Concord  J'^*    .-ae^vO-*.       -*'^*^  i  *^  ^  fm      *J 


O'^^N^VtoV.SSS^l  U  a  iV  e 


priugfleld. 


)_  |W.08f*({)lton 

»/ifvillfe   ^,-;<iS*?*sJu'raii^iS:i  „1 


SiX 


■Me* 


Karfinstojr         ^ 
^       «^'m7      ».        »^"""'        N^^l^i^i;:^"  Urov«lLQca«viUe  '.   Vrr?,..^\>       ^" 


liilton 


r     '  5j.„t't2>T^Vnmingtoiis      U  "■   S 


.tant  Kidf' 


jCirolXviUe  _ 

Waverl>ki^*'"<'a"»°K?-15:£!]>i*>"'''r         .-~  V    <.«.*11  0 


.MoConnelsv^Ule  ^    5<LW^JV^ 


^ 


^iploj    °      J  Portsmouth 

AlicrJJi 

)  FlemiDgBliu 


Mt  Sterlln- 


■^Vinihettcr 

^1 


<^ 


OHIO 


^l 


K     Yr 


Scale  of  Miles 

T 1 1 1— 

20         ;M         40  50 


B      Longitude     8S'^We«t  from  C       (Jreenwich      82° 


ATLAS   OF  THE  WORLD 


D 


86" 


86  30 


85' 


Lake  Michigan 


H 


\New  CarlielA  Korte 


Elkhart >;^^o  J.'^'*™**-. _7« .  ,.      ,  „ 


'  Momence 


*»='^..9lf._-h  ~  ^O^Uura     Denbau> 


jl.AjrJ 


^   Eevi^toii     TilM   win 


•I Tlppeci!lnS?>>_o        fo,       7^    ' ^v^-.-      1'        -    '" 


lOK>cc<V,-«/        i^iiil-ir-'     atTVirf.        \T.     '>b"''=I\     U'kao^J'f.o.SSir:  Koanoke/-->^"«      .1,      1       -v.^JJ-'-'^'- 


Mursballl 


-^1-3iC,   StaunlunVl  Ashersjillo  jSjUuince.?;  "■  fl^  l>4nklinA  fel^s  /  «S.  Wul'lronl  Milroy       '%Mctaiora\  |     I       '• 

■«;   i  *i  /lo\^Vi  ^^on^       fjr^i-_inA    Necdmo/o       »t..i._.ii-  I  1  Vi /ya»i4liiuJti,     /rJ-' 


-J 


rSuUlTanl. 


:ke. 


hilK 


?,«?=- 


Ma 


SiewberrjVoS: 
J^odoo  ^t^   Bed(. 
''  I'laiiifille 


AndborD 

Valloo.»«--.ni, 
Medora,^/^      I^'™"  SjCloaslDi 

..V         „.  ,  -(.Mad 

'  *•  Otleaii^  L_-^mpbe„8burg  ?«'"1»"8" 
TT.V ? ^^=^£Uj.vlii. -^^^ T^^''^'      lV:g     '^    j  n  »"^ 


— ^ — iTXVernoo     o      oteanN  RiBU^SuBl  \ 


Zoar-j)    f  V=-B'«*^^ 
V>edli/mdo 


?^MaSin 


rElberfeW 
BooBvlll 

Jviinsvine)k^CTrJndJetl3: 
At.  VernofT.  IVJ/^S^^r^  oLaka 
l^  '■'.•.^JUKhpoi 


fAmetetdam 
Dogwood 


Tula 


ecile  of  Mllal 


'.^£7^ 


IJe_ 


M 


B 


C  Untilnd.  8«  30'    W«C    Q      *••"      86°Or««»wlt\  E 


ATLAS    OF  THE  WORLD 


41 


AH)ena    %       .^ 


-^GraTatig  J    Milf 


?5J_      A.    West  BranchV'^^i^o,;'"^  5LW 


c.  Lincoln^     n„      ,    ■.,, 
^  y    ^JllarrisviUe 

MiltadoJ, 


VBaldwln\    Evart/-~>    \-7lH?"'""\  X.'''c'o,l4 


'|sh.bo,g.n  -^         Ptntwa.ej 


\  jftirlhSof?" 


^irsrt  , 

\   o/Hc 


Biq  1f^'"l''''"'» 


'-Rapids 


Cla 


■^RUcoBta 


Aaj' , 


Port  Auslia^ar'""""""  ^J. 


^Milwaukee  -g 


North  5IuskSoB>e/^<^^^l 

Muskegol 

^         FrTltjg 
xerrjBljuig^A 


^CUcago 


St.  Jo.eph^»'t»*>^p^::5^ 


s?''i.Adria 


Longitude    D       West       85°      from       E    Oreen»loli 


42 


ATLAS   OF  THE  WORLD 


E      R      I  \  O     R 


^lidden 


^"V 


treek/ 


£llswor(h 


_  .     .      ...       _. __      ♦ 

'T>eerparU 

("•""'a'J^vrJv       I'reiiiiint  Slj 
Fg^a-tain  City    MelL^^-->S»'»"'h»W^°:•5lFiUa,      V-'*>rai^--"°'' 


VKocbeCl 


Alma  /o-^v     ^-^h>-  *)  8 >~--%j7te^*^  \    »'""I«;^^6«7^'"'li'"" /i^/'*"  \(  #       '^ 

J,  I    ^V'a-rWbir-^anitoWoc 

X    SX     V>i  ^n\       V,'-^  Waiikon   ^%%\  nfll//  '        -<^    i€>V   >**  A  SLodiR         f^'H  iCSZ.     \     I         'c><o-it-My*UMSH       'ft- 


^  .  flciBcobel  X._      M>»SU>>>  ^ 


l/^Sim~[;fWa(e*oo^t^^_^lJ»auk^^ 


#Boi 


m 


WISCONSIN 


■  '"'       /Plallevillo      '-'W--'     »  Ji.™v,_l.  ,T»o-r;        6,.  ir,..  ■\../       I.I- 


VV^^'n,' 


'Ilia 


Kenosba 

54 


SoalaofMIKg 

i     I'd    3o  4o~ 


^■^'le, 


SO 


Size  0/  type  Indicates 
rtlat'me  importance  of  place*, 

0.  •.  HAMMONDS  CO.,  N.Y. 


rMt.C»n..lll^-VOn 


82> 


Q 


9rLoc;!tJde  C        Wett      Vt       froci        D  0"0'"'l<:t- 88° 


ATLAS   OF  THE  WORLD 


43 


E 


Indepeoileu 


89° D 88°  E 


lowa.CityVJ 


_*-o 


VKcifE^bCfr'  O' 


;*i«X AjtiKoy^/ 1 piS;av(  Aurorffi>vP^°<«^' 

TampicoT<^  Mend 

Waliijit'^ 

□nbridgeBud;  '    '  '  ^        "^ 


,„d  MICHIGAN 
phicago         I 


fIjToulon /I  HenrjJ 
^Itona 


orkvilii 
lnepiii|XKla„gli.,J 


feaXoT 


,OT,^y> 


LCUftonC 


»^  '\\a8h;iigtoDf-^-srvv    ^  "-^   J^        /    n.  /V__y4~^^  ^ 

.      ^  ,,,,      ^,    ,1    ^^ ,.,C       ln««,&.)lW^->^ ^,//Eisher/|1tantimlV        'iSM^me , 


[Chrlftuiail 
iBroctODi         I 

•ltt.fleia\    ^    X^Wayerltf^^rr^  '     \Vt»?'°7|'""      ">^^^i><S^  7»'on|5^^  1 

•iuSiSSi^t'PearpZ    -l/EM't"''»W\iiA!^H''''°''       >9N4s8ufniptlop,Y^amoJnv&---^^ 

(  ,       N  J«>^jrTrTrf~<fe:hi^haii)f»;K)dP'°Hh'^^^ 

^Dgba 


S.\  ,.'*>.''    ^(?*''t*°T  Fran  iJ>s.<Ti   K       F/Jd  ^iVEilnij^rg  iMowea^Stf  ^  y     '^^^TOaM 


Emdin\ 

Bri  feSon  i[^  Sta^tonS 


JMarBhanJ^ 


O 


'•c  a^-  «w     — K- 


SumncA 
'.Salem  /''^, 


6 


kFreeb 


aaroi 


St.Geneviev^ 


ii.li:n^ois 


Scale  of  Mllea 
0    5    I'o        20       30       40       So       So 


^/ 


l^'Koc^'vATa^U'?^ 


Mcjrfanab^o 


,     Norris'iCy.X"^'?     , 

Ijo^* 

9    HarrlBbu; 


A">^=^ 


Lvi^ 


/McClu 


)  Anna  I  J   7        Eliiabethb 
L^x,    =-7,   iVie'.nott     (    4«__. 
•f  Donrfoiy       \_^^J^S5cond» 

llUllllni^^pN.  Net/Bw^3eil 
■    '     -Pfducahr 


(^g^sboroT 


B     LoDgitude    90*^       West        C         fi^m 


ATLAS   OF  THE  WORLD 


tf"  NORTUEAJSTEitN  FART 
OF  MINNESOTA 

Same  scale  as  large  map 


M 


KLoDgltude       C  We>tM°froni      D      Greenwich  «3° 


ATLAS   OF  THE  WORLD 


43 


46 


ATLAS  OP  THE  WORLD 


ATLAS   OF  THE  WORLD 


akjs:a]s^sas 


^  „.     t  Auroras 

11     /\-       'N  Galena 

J-'-l      l/CaBsvIllo   ■'/{Vi 


40       60       60       70 


MubleblU 
Browswooi 


^  Poplarbluffl 


ajtich  Moui 


MeSa' 

,   lalfleW 

\     C  (   '''»«'«JUR«ok^J^Jv>>J^.^?.    ■^■■~-4-.;*i%>^         Sheridan      -^, 
llj;ihan)     11.%,""     \  „„_,,Ji._  J  _,_,,;  ir-r-Vw,Ul,«r.™n«Vv«' ^io..,V 


y  i  Belcn 


"  -     KT  I -Ti  7—1        Princeton  W/\    '","*-"7\l       ftidfc 


^tVlrfp>-5N;'7LiJC^/\^'^l*on[^^Bodcaw." 


djaw     (  Camden 


^€^ 


ComervilleW    j^ 

Winchester  fc 


Dob 


u. 


m 


_Riindolph^ 


/Bienvil'la 


die 


;  MansHHd  iX  Cpushfltt; 


Ashlandl**;  1 


KJyvillel 


>m 


B      Lonjritude 


from  92°     Greenwich     D 


90"    F 


48 


ATLAS    OF  THE  WORLD 


ATLAS    OF  THE  WORLD 


O     ,P»lh»tl 

MWife 
raterly 


Taso 
h-i    I   Adral 


!     \ 


J'luranna 
Lamesa.         ^^^IT^  ^'   '^ 
0  beininole 


/>^\IecumBeh     Dublm^F^ 


pFt.  Stockton' 


City       ,    » 
Stilea  Vgim  AngelS^ 


_  Sberw(!od,  *■  ^  , 
^Sembtie^  Eldorado^     MenarMlle^^^^^^oFredonln 


Telegraph 


_  LuLa 


'  San  Saba 


poldtE>jlteS 
tl(,  Tjateiyil.. 
Sy-o^et"    \o 


Bradi 
\ y 

Maeon  c 


h..jO   ""-<-i»5ai        Trinitj'  — ' 
■aSelv     fMa. 


Junition     /ti6~^%ford°        X,i5A?l^«i^ 
— o^      Crabapple° 
Fredericks^,  Johnj^ 
«ountain°HomJ'~>~^  AUST^Ili 


.      .'V.aldaMiWoldl  ,, 


lountain  Home     ^-^^^       Ai-ioAiiy    '  ^^T^  BasT)'  h  T 

>o   KcrrTlUe;,    s'*'*'"'°°        Budarf?)»'^o»_Vrop/3renham>^ 


Bandera's,         \«     "^  r  1 V^     V    i        '/ ^— ^t^  >Cj*4i=JT!2^\v   /So?>iMronLi-/'e 

{■k.LVaU;AiitoniJ^<^'SS>S 

l^X  ''-2i^C^;??^-.^*^:ToSl^^  S^clvlveston 


}aj  C'''/?ft'^\,'''^<' 
"'    '^OttatagSd?'- 


^ 


TEXAS 


25        60         IB       100 

Size  of  type  indicates 

,  relative  importance 

of  places. 


LOO*    XontUud«     C       "Wert       M*     from  D    Greenwich        98 


50 


ATLAS    OF  THE  WORLD 


ATLAS    CF    THE    WORLD 


51 


ATLAS    OF  THE  WORLD 


ATLAS    OF  THE  WORLD 


53 


54 


ATLAS    OF  THE  WORLD 


ATLAS   OF  THE  WORLD 


55 


56 


ATLAS   OF  THE  WORLD 


ATLAS   OF  THE  WORLD 


113° 


ColTllIo       f\ 


^fe^^ 


Sig'-i 


IDAHO 


Scale  of  HUM 

I 1 1 1 

0     10     20  40 


ft  a 


-^ 


>1 


viOrofino^. 


Vil  r  AsotiolJ     VlajTwai  RuaseiX  ",L    jlCS^f'^W 
[euterville^  o  DenTerV-Harpate: 


W 


■White  Sulphur  Sp 


WJ¥.f !    Ulamllton, 


/\ 


ip' 


!.<.T,te 


._.e8tx;ca -^ 


Wf€ 


ildboig^' 


35 


lUerCify; 


-^^^ij 


^edrock 


°  Aden  / 


i(chard''- \V^         Boi'dierS 


.M 


A" 


/>3t  Rlv 

Big  Butta  R|ch>^lac'ktoo\^'*J; 

TUden       "    '"  ;  I  1  I      J~ 


Wlckahoney 

1 


Una  he 
yHotsprlngi 


Hagerman 

AuBtji^ytAbbej- 

BluelaDST^ 


A  Minidoka^ 


Rosew'orth 


llS'Longltudt  D      We»t  114  from      EOreenwlchllS 


111°   H 


58 


ATLAS    OP  THE  WORLD 


Dutch    ^  \ 

6         ■•       .-      ■■'■^Ms.' 


jWaTvil 

''"°'"  cajfeboni^-5Sfji.nferiicao^Forl 


'  '  J  Trout  Cre^ 


I^amingtoaP.O. 


"4 
<^  /"■  Pountuin/i'f»enY*^*-°iFairyleW 


OakfCitj%\ 


-MoroniV/sprlnff.Cm 

Wales  >jA;heEt*j   VX 


,R  E  S  E  R  VvAT  ^Q^^T^^ /r*-^"*^ 


W        V^Nad>         j/i    ,>■  iKlIP      /        A  VQ»I9*o        bW* 


l>iS«'"BS?^C.""°'''?\ 


/i 


.Wfra""  '>JV^  .    '^.t-^^S^^^VAJO  INDIAN 

%V^;l:^/V:-'^  V,',  „;■.-  Mf.  Af-r-^^  RESERVATiON. 


o 


N 


B    Uofllude   112°  Wt«l      from  C  Oretnwlch  lu" 


ATLAS    OF  THE   WORLD 


59 


60 


ATLAS   OP  THE  WORLD 


VOrf-jrtrr  Red  Bluff  VJ 


KEW  MEXICO 


ATLAS    OP  THE  WORLD 


61 


62 


ATLAS    OF  THE  WORLD 


A    124 


ATLAS    OF  THE  WORLD 


63 


Railroads  Projected    

State  Capital  © 

Indian  Jictervationt  'JM'/MiiV//// 
ForMt  Reiervati&n9       it  w  »  »  *  w  » 
Size  of  type  indicate* 
relatiue  importance  of  placet 


I  C.8. HAMMOND  t,  CO.,  N.vL 


C       Loos    lU'  Ituda       D     WMt     117'    (Vom     £     GrMO    Uf    vloh      F 


64 


ATLAS    OF  THE  WORLD 


ATLAS   OF  THE  WORLD 


65 


66 


ATLAS    OF  THE  WORLD 


ATLAS   OF  THE  WORLD 


67 


68 


ATLAS    OF  THE   WORLD 


Important  touins  are  ahown 
In  heiiuy  face  type 


Blamburat 

.         M  I  N  DO  RO 

^^i        SaUlajan?/  ,  7' 


BUSUANGAlV  . 

AMIANES  loi\  ^\' 


a 


ATLAS   OF  THE  WORLD 


70 


ATLAS    OF  THE  WORLD 


-   •  S  Afi  1 3 


■  Ij-w     .Su'^- 


8 

<tiq 

Is 

w^ 

R  J 

I* 

1:^5 

1 

e 

Cj^ 

^  s 

" 

=  ili 

U 

55 

ATLAS    OF  THE   WORLD 


71 


72 


ATLAS    OF  THE  WORLD 


ATLAS    OF  THE  WORLD 


74 


ATLAS    OF  TKE  WORLD 


;:/ 

<> 

-c? 

i> 

^ 

ADMIRAL 

BRITISH  STAND.       I        ^^^I^JhA^t'  GR- BRIT.  NAVAL  CANADA  '      JAPAN  WAR 


H 


BRITISH  1  FRANCE  ^    RUSSIA   STAND.        '      RUSSIA  NAVAL        "     RUSSIA  MERCH 


sw 

ED 

SH  STD. 

mISS't  „"°„c'1,*»"m°T  '     ^"'""'■»'">  NtWZEALANO 


i^E 


MOROCCO  '  EGYPT  ARABIA 

FLAGS  OF  ALL  NATIONS 


MONTENEGRO 


ATLAS   OF  THE  WORLD 


75 


NIGARAGUA  TURKEY  SANTO  DOMINGO  COSTARICA  PARAGUAY 


BURMA 


AUSTRIA  BULGARIA 


|: 

HHl 

BRAZIL  SPAIN  ENSIGN  SPANISH  MERCHT  GREECE  HAITI 

FLAGS  OF  ALL  NATIONS 


76 


ATLAS    OF  THE   WORLD 


J\, 80_ 


70"    Longitude     C         *^«"     <»0"  frum         Q     Greenwich     50"* 


I  TT^T-^  e       p       A  *HMAHTINIQUE  ifr.) 


SOUTH  AMERICA 

Scale  of  tlllel 


ATLAS    OF  THE   WORLD 


77 


200        40U        600       SOO       1000 
Important  towns  are  shoivB 
in  heavy  face  type 


78 


ATLAS    OF  THE  WORLD 


ATLAS    OF  THE  WORLD 


79 


Stibmarlne  Calilcs 

Important  towns  are  shown 
In  heauy  face  ti/pe 


0    Ungilude  D       'West       4 


U     Long.    G      East 


80 


ATLAS    OF  THE  WORLD 


ATLAS    OF  THE  WORLD 


81 


82 


ATLAS    OF  THE  WORLD 


ATLAS   OF  THE  WORLD 


83 


O      -- 


-  «  i  ^  g  ■? »   ^ 


ATLAS    OF   THE   WORLD 


ATLAS    OF  THE  WORLD 


85 


80 


ATLAS    OF  THE  WORLD 


ATLAS    OF   THE  WORLD 


87 


^^^16^000_SQCU^^ 


"*»  H     *icnm»i«»' 


,^o6j25:i^l5ftes^^ 


'*■•»  'saiiM  aat 


88 


ATLAS    OF  THE  WORLD 


Land  to  IM  «xc«vatod  nilad  tftus: 


.  3 


«    8    ^ 


J  *     I  in     nil  ii      it 


jfijTiaeLJEg/yr  r^tf »« 


»0       S        M        23        a* 


ATLAS    OF  THR  WORLD 


89 


90 


ATLAS    OF  THE  WORLD 


O 

o 
a 

H 

o 

CO 

H, 

CO 
CO 


^  I 


o      o     o      o     o      op 

O         O        O         O        C3         o       o 
O        O       O        O        o        o      o 


DDDDDDDD 


dDDD 


i" 

i 

1 

§ 

o 
o 

CN 

■4    r 

i\nnii^^ 


ATLAS   OF  THE  WORLD 


91 


PRINCIPAL  CITIES  OF  THE  WORLD 

The  following  list  contains  the  principal  towns  of  the  world  in  all  countries 
except  the  United  States.  In  it  will  be  found  approximately  all  places  of  more 
than  thirty  thousand  inhabitants  and  most  of  those  of  from  twenty  to  thirty 
thousand.  The  date  of  the  latest  census  enumerations  and  ofl&cial  estimates  of 
the  following  countries  is  given  as  indicating  the  respective  value  of  the  figures 
used  in  the  compilation :  Algeria,  1901 ;  Australia,  1901;  Austria  Hungary,  1900; 
British  South  African  States,  1904;  England  and  Wales,  1901,  with  government 
estimates  of  all  towns  of  over  50,000  for  1905;  Germany,  1901,  with  government 
estimates  of  Berlin,  Hamburg  and  Essen  for  1905;  Japan,  1903;  Philippine 
Islands,  1903;  Sweden,  1905. 


Aachen,  Germany 135 ,245 

Aalborg.  Denmark 31 ,457 

Aarhus,  Denmark 51 ,814 

Abbeokuta,  Yoruba 150,000 

Aberdare,  Wales 43,357 

Aberdeen.  Scotland 167,537 

Abo.  Russia 38,235 

Accrlngton,  England 48,890 

Aclreale,  Italy 35,418 

Acton.  England 37,744 

Adama.  Turkey  in  Asia 45,000 

Adelaide.  Australia 170,729 

Aden.  Arabia 42,758 

Adls  Abeba,  Abyssinia 35,000 

AdrlanoDle.  Turkey  in  Europe  81 ,000 

Agra.  India 180,022 

Ahmadabad,  India 185 ,889 

Aldln.  Turkey  in  Asia 38,000 

Atx.  France 24,861 

AJmer.  India 73,839 

Akerman,  Russia 32,470 

Akita.  Japan 34,350 

Alcano.  Italy 51,809 

Alcoy,  Spain 32,053 

Aldershot.  England 30,974 

Aleppo.  Turkey  in  Asia 127,150 

Alessandria,  Italy 71,298 

Alexandria,  Egypt 319,766 

Alexandropoi.  Russia 32 ,018 

Alexandre vsk,  Russia 40,807 

Algiers,  Algeria 96,542 

Alicante,  Spain 50,142 

AUgarh,  India 70,434 

Allahabad,  India 172,032 

Allensteln.  Germany 24,287 

Almeria,  Spain 47,326 

Alost.  Belgium 31,655 

Altenburg.  Germany 37,110 

Altendorf,  Germany 63,238 

Altona,  Germany 161 ,501 

Alwar,  India 56,771 

Ambala,  India . . . .  , 78,638 

Amiens,  France 80,758 

Amoy,  China 114,000 

Amritaar.  India 162,429 

Amsterdam,  Netherlands 551 ,415 

Ancona,  Italy 56,835 

Anderlecht.  Belelum 51 .921 

Andijan.  Russia  in  Asia 46,683 

Andria,  Italy 49,568 

Angeni,  France 82,398 

Aasoulem*  1i^rMle•l S7,650 


Antequera,  Spain 31,609 

Antwerp,  Belgium 291 ,149 

Apeldoorn,  Netherlands 30,892 

Aquila,  Italy 21,188 

Arad,  Hungary 56,220 

AreQuipa.  Peru 35,000 

Arezzo,  Italy 44,310 

Argao,  P.  1 35,448 

Aries,  France 29,000 

Armentieres,  France 29 ,000 

Amhem,  Netherlands 60,528 

Aschersleben.  Germany 27 ,3i5 

Ascoli,  Italy 28,882 

Aahkabad.  Russia 26,835 

Ash ton-under-Lyne,  England ,  43,890 

Asnieres.  France 31,330 

AsU,  Italy 38,045 

Aston  Manor,  England 77,310 

Astrakhan,  Russia 121 ,580 

Asuncion,  Paraguay 60 ,000 

Athens,  Greece 128,735 

Aubervilliers,  France 31 ,215 

Auckland,  New  Zealand 67,226 

Augsburg,  Germany 89 ,170 

Aussig.  Austria 37,265 

Avellino,  Italy 23,760 

Avignon,  France 46,898 

Ayr,  Scotland 28,624 

Ayuthla,  Slam 50,000 

Azot.  Russia.. 25,124 

Badjos,  Spain 30,899 

Bagdad.  Turkey  in  Asia 145 ,000 

Bahia.  Brazil 174,412 

Bahour.  India 56,595 

Baireuth.  Germany. 29 ,397 

Baku.  Russia 179,133 

Ballarat,  Australia 49,202 

Bamberg,  Germany 41 ,823 

Bangalore,  India 159,046 

Bangkok,  Slam 600,000 

Banjermassln,  Borneo 51,880 

Barcelona,  Spain  533,000 

Bareilly,  India 131 ,208 

Barfrush,  Persia 50,000 

Bari,  Italy 77,478 

Barile,  P.  1 31,617 

Barletta,  Italy 42 ,022 

Barmen,  Germany. 141 ,944 

Barnaul,  Russia  In  Asia 29 ,850 

Bamsley ,  England 41 ,063 

Baroda,  India. 103,790 


Barqulsimeto,  Venezuela 81 ,476 

BarranqulUa,  Colombia 65,000 

Barrow-in-Furness,  England. .  69,300 

Basel,  Switzerland 124 ,393 

Basra,  Turkey  in  Asia 50,000 

Batangas,  P.  1 33,131 

Batavia,  Java 115,887 

Bath,  England. 49,817 

Batley,  England 80,321 

Batum,  Russia 28,513 

Bauan,  P.  1 39,04* 

Bautzen,  Germany 26,125 

Bayonne,  France 25,075 

Bedford,  England 35,144 

Beirut,  Turkey  in  Asia 118 ,800 

Bekes,  Hungary 37,547 

Belfast,  Ireland 349,180 

Beltort,  France 32,567 

Belgrade.  Servia 69,790 

Bellary.  India 58 ,247 

Benares,  India 209,331 

Bender,  Russia 35,741 

Bendigo,  Australia 42,660 

Benevento,  Italy 24,447 

Berbera,  Br,  Somaliland 30,000 

Berdiansk,  Russia 29,16S 

Berditchef,  Russia 53,728 

Bergamo,  Italy 47,773 

Bergen,  Norway 72,251 

Berlat,  Roumania 24,000 

Berlin,  Germany 3,033,900 

Bern,  Switzerland.... , 70,330 

Bemburg,  Germany 84 ,175 

Besancon,  France 65,404 

Beuthen,  Germany 61,361 

Beziers,  France 62,510 

Bhagalpur,  India 75 ,560 

Bhaunagar.  India 66 ,443 

Bhopal,  India 77,028 

Bialystok,  Russia 03,040 

Biel,  Switzerland ; . . .  29 ,390 

Bielefeld,  Germany 63,040 

Blkanor,  India. 63,078 

Bilbao.  Spain 83,300 

Birkenhead.  England lie,03S 

Birmingham,  England 642,950 

Bitlis.  Turkey  In  Asia 38,800 

Blackburn.  England 133,067 

Blackpool,  England 47,340 

Blagoveschensk,  Russia  in  Asia  37,368 

Bloemfontein,  Orange  R.  Col.  33,890 

Biol8,France 30.4M 


^92  ATLAS    OF  THE   WORLD 

PRINCIPAL  CITIES  OF  THE  WORLD -Contintted 


BInmeuau.  Brazil 40,000 

Bobrinsk,  Russia 35,177 

Bochum,  Germany K),K1 

Bogota.  Colombia 130,000 

Bologna.  Italy 152,009 

Bolton.  England 178,111 

Bombay.  India 776,006 

Bona,  Algeria 36,993 

Bonn.  Germany 50,736 

Bootle,  England 62,758 

Bordeaux,  France 257,638 

Borgerhout,  Belgium 41 ,075 

Botuchany,  Roumania 32,000 

Boulogne-sur-Mer,  France.. ..  49,949 

Boulogne-3ur-Selne.  France. ..  44,418 

Bourges.  France 46,551 

Bournemouth.  England 66,168 

Bradford.  England 286 ,799 

Braga.  Portugal 24,202 

Bralia.  Roumania 68,393 

Brandenburg.  Germany 49 ,250 

Breda.  Netherlands 26 ,949 

Bremen,  Germany 163 ,297 

Brescia.  Italy 70,614 

Breslau.  Germany 422 ,709 

Brest.  France 84,284 

Brest-Lltovsk.  Russia 42,812 

Bridgetown.  Barbados 35 ,000 

Brleg,  Germany 24,224 

Brighton.  England 127 ,183 

Brisbane.  Australia. 122,815 

Bristol,  England 358,515 

Broken  Hill.  Australia 27,500 

Bromberg.  Germany 52,204 

Bruges.  Belgium 53,728 

Brunn,  Austria 109,346 

Brunswick.  Germany 128,226 

Brusa.  Turkey  in  Asia 76,303 

Brussels,  Belgium 598,599 

Budapest.  Hungary 732,322 

Budweis.  Austria 39 ,328 

Buenos  Aires,  Argentina 979,235 

Bukharest.  Roumania 282,071 

Burgos.  Spain 30,167 

Burnley.  England 101,682 

Burslem.  England 38,766 

Burton-upon-Trent.  England.  62,424 

Bury,  England 68,954 

Cadlz.Spaln 60,383 

Caen.  France 44 ,794 

Cagllarl,  Italy 53,747 

Cairo.  Egypt 570,062 

Calais.  France 59,743 

Calcutta,  India 1 ,026,987 

Calicut.  India 76,981 

Callao.  Peru 31,000 

Caltaglrone,  Italy 44,879 

Caltonisetta.  Italy 43,.303 

Camaguey.  Cuba 25.102 

Cambridge.  Englaud 38 ,393 

Canea.  Crete 24,537 

Cannes.  France 30,420 

Oannstadt,  Germany 26,575 

Canterbury,  England 24 ,899 

Canton,  China 900,000 

Cape  Coast  Castle,  Gold  Coast, 

Africa 28,94« 

Cape  Haltlen.  Haiti 29,000 

Cape   Town,    Cape   of   Good 

Hope. 87,48S 

Caracas,  Venezuela 72,429 

Carcassonne,  France 4^  30,720 

Cardenas.  Cuba 28,448 

Cardlfl,  Wales 180,054 

Carear.P.1 31,893 

Carlisle.  England 45,478 

Ctinn,IUly 42,097 


Cartagena,  Spain 99,871 

Caserta,  Italy 32,709 

Cassel.  Germany 106,034 

Castellon.  Spain 29,904 

Castres,  France 24,135 

Catania.  Italy 149,295 

Catanzaro.  Italy 31 ,824 

Cawnpur,  India 197,170 

Ceara,  Brazil 40,902 

Cebu.  P.  1 31,079 

Celaya.  Mexico 25,565 

Cette,  France 33,248 

Chalon-sur-Saone,  France. . . .  26,462 

Changsha,  China 230,000 

Charleroi.  Belgium 26,528 

Charlottenburg,  Germany 189,305 

Chatham,  England 40,753 

Chaux  de  Fonds,  Switzerland  38,784 

Chefu.  China 75,000 

Cheltenham.  England 49 ,439 

Chemnitz,  Germany 214 ,030 

Cherbourg,  France 42,938 

Chemigof.  Russia 27,006 

Chester.  England 38,309 

Chleta,  Italy 26,368 

Chihuahua,  Mexico 30,405 

Chilian,  Chile 36,681 

Chinandega,  Nicaragua 20,000 

Chlngtu,  China 1,000,000 

Chlnkiang.  China 167 ,000 

Cholan,  China 129,721 

Christchurch,  New  Zealand ...  57 ,041 

Christiania,  Norway 227 ,626 

Chungking,  China 600,000 

Cienfuegos.  Cuba 59 ,428 

Clermont,  France 52 ,933 

Clichy.  France 39,521 

Coatbridge,  Scotland 36,981 

Coban,  Guatemala 30 ,770 

Coblenz.  Germany 47,528 

Cochabamba,  Bolivia 21 ,886 

Coimbatore,  India 53,080 

Colches  ter,  England 38 ,351 

Colmar.  Germany 36,844 

Cologne,  Germany 372 ,529 

Colombo.  Ceylon 158,228 

Combaconum,  India 59 ,673 

Como,  Italy 38,895 

Concepclon,  Chile 55,458 

Constantine.  Algeria 48,243 

Constantinople.  Turkey 1,125,000 

Copenhagen.  Dermark 500,479 

Cordoba,  Argent  .na 60,000 

Cordova,  Spain 58,275 

Cork,  Ireland 76,123 

Coruna,  Spain 43,971 

Courbevoie,  France 23,796 

Coutrai.  Belgium 34,564 

Coventry,  England 75,134 

Crajova,  Roumania. 45,438 

Cref eld.  Germany 107 ,968 

Cremona.  Italy 37,693 

Crewe.  England 42 ,075 

Cronstadt,  Russia 59,539 

Croydon.  England 147 ,704 

Cuddalore.  India 52,210 

Cuenca.  Ecuador 30,000 

Cuneo,  Italy 27,065 

Cuttack,  India 51,364 

Czegled,  Hungary 30,106 

Czenstochowa,  Russia 53,650 

Czemowitz,  Austria 67,623 

Dacca.  India 90,543 

Daman,  India 41 ,671 

Damanhur,  Egypt 27,283 

Damascus,  Turkey  la  Asia. . . .  225 ,000 

Danzig,  aermany 147,301 


Darbhangah.  India 6e,3M 

Darlington,  England 44,490 

Darmstadt,  Germany 72 ,381 

Darwen.  England 38,211 

Debreczin.  Hungary 75 ,000 

Delft.  Netherlands 32,950 

Delhi,  India 208,575 

Derby,  England 122,207 

Dessau,  Germany 50,849 

Deventer,  Netherlands 27,411 

Devonport,  England 78,864 

Diarbekr,  Turkey 34,000 

Dijon,  France 71 ,326 

Dordrecht.  Netherlands 43,482 

Dorpat,  Russia 42,421 

Dortmund,  Germany I42,73i 

Douai,  France 33,649 

Dover,  England 41 ,783 

Drammen,  Norway 23 ,093 

Dresden,  Germany 480,658 

Dublin,  Ireland 373,179 

Dudley.  England 48,800 

Dulsburg,  Germany 94,185 

Dumbarton,  Scotland 115,176 

Dunaburg,  Russia 85,906 

Dundee,  Scotland 164,269 

Dunedln,  New  Zealand 62 ,390 

Dunkirk,  France 38,925 

Durango,  Mexico 31 ,093 

Durban,  Natal 79,000 

Diiren,  Germany 27,185 

Diisseldorf .  Germany 213,711 

Dvlnsk,  Russia 69,67S 

Ealing,  England 83,040 

Eastbourne,  England 43,331 

East  Ham,  England 95,989 

East  London.  C.  of  Good  Hope  25,220 

Eccles,  England 34,360 

Eclja,  Spain 24,395 

Edinburgh,  Scotland 336,577 

Edmonton.  England 46,899 

Eger,  Austria 23,675 

Eisenach,  Germany 31 ,457 

Ekaterinburg,  Russia 55,440 

Ekaterinodar.  Russia 65,697 

Ekaterinoslaf,  Russia 135,552 

Elberfeld,  Germany 156,960 

Elbing,  Germany 52,518 

Elche,  Spain 27,380 

Elizavetgrad,  Russia 66,183 

Elizavetpol,  Russia 33,090 

Enfleld.  England.   42,738 

Enschede,  Netherlands 29,510 

Erfurt,  Germany 85,203 

Erivan,  Russia J9 ,033 

Erzerum,  Turkey  in  Asia 88 ,900 

Essen,  Germany 229,270 

Essllngen,  Germany 27,260 

Exeter,  England 47,185 

Falzabad,  India 75,088 

Falkirk,  Scotland 29,271 

Farakhabad.  India 67 ,338 

Felegyhaza,  Hungary. 83,400 

Ferrara,  Italy 07,648 

Ferrol,  Spain J5,281 

Fez.  Morocco 140,000 

Flume.  Hungary S8,95S 

Flensburg.  Germany 48 ,923 

Florence,  Italy 205,589 

Poggla,  Italy 63,151 

Folkstone,  England 30,694 

Forli,  Italy 43,700 

Forst,  Germany 32,150 

Fort  de  France,  Martinique..  22,164 

Frankfort-on-Main.  Germany.  288,980 

FranUortH>n-Oder.  Germany  .  U  ,851 


ATLAS   OF  THE  WORLD 


93 


PRINCIPAL  CITIES  OF  THE  WORLD— Continued 


Freetown,  sierra  Leone 34,405 

Freiberg.  Germany 31 ,000 

Freiburg.  Germany 61,504 

Fremantle.  Australia 23,006 

Fuchau,  China 624,000 

Fukul.  Japan 50,135 

Fukuoka.  Japan 71,047 

Funchal.  Madeira 20,844 

Fflnf klrchen,  Hungary 43 ,983 

Ffirtb.  Germany 64,143 

oaile,  Sweden 30,776 

Galatz,  Roumania 62,678 

OalUpoU,  Turkey 30,000 

Oateahead,  England 120,620 

Oaya.  India 71,288 

Gelsenklrchen.  Germany 36,935 

Geneva,  Switzerland 112,738 

Genoa.  Italy 234,710 

Georgetown,  Br.  Guiana.  ,i..,  53 ,170 

Gera,  Germany 45,834 

Ghent.  Belgium 162,925 

Gibraltar,  Spain 27,460 

Glessen,  Germany 25,491 

Gllu,  Japan 40,188 

Gljon,  Spain. 47,544 

GUlingham,  England 42,530 

Girgentl,  Italy 25,024 

Oladbach,  Germany 58,023 

Glasgow,  Scotland 809 ,986 

Glauchau,  Germany 25 ,778 

Glelwltz,  Germany 52,862 

Gloucester,  England 47 ,955 

Gomel,  Russia .  45,081 

Ck>rakhpur,  India 64,148 

Oorlltz,  Germany 80,931 

Gotha,  Germany 34,185 

Gottenborg.  Sweden 138 ,030 

GOttingen.  Germany .........  39 ,359 

Govan.  Scotland 76,351 

Granada.  N  icaragua 25 ,000 

Granada,  Spain 75,900 

Gratz.  Austria 138,080 

Graudenz,  Germany 32,786 

Great  Grimsby,  England  ....  68,153 

Greenock,  Scotland 70 ,253 

Grenoble,  France 68 ,615 

Grodno,  Russia 41 ,756 

Groningen,  Netherlands 71,490 

Orosswardeln,  Hungary 50,177 

Guadalajara,  Mexico 101 ,208 

Guanajuato,  Mexico 41 ,486 

Guayaquil,  Ecuador 51,000 

Guben,  Germany 33 ,135 

QwaUor.  India 119,433 

Raarlem,  Netherlands 68,518 

Hagen,  Germany 60,613 

Hague,  Notherlanda 234 ,459 

Eaidarabad,  India 448,440 

Hakodate,  Japan 65,313 

nalberstadt.  Germany 42,810 

Halifax,  England 108 ,419 

Halifax.  Nova  Scotia 40,833 

Halle,  Germany 136,600 

Halslngborg,  Sweden 27,233 

Hama,  Turkey  In  Asia 44 ,000 

Ilamadan.  Persia 40 ,000 

Hamburg,  Germany 872,028 

Hamilton,  Ontario,  Canada. . .  52,634 

Hamilton.  Scotland 82 ,775 

Hamm,  Germany 81,390 

Bandsworth.  England 52,921 

Hangchau.  China 300,000 

Hankau,  China 870,000 

Hanley .  England 64 ,667 

Hanoi,  Anam ,  103,238 

fiuiover.  Qermaay.. 235,649 


Harar,  Abyssinia 40,000 

Harbin.  China 60,000 

Harburg,  Germany 49,153 

Hastings,  England 66,820 

Ha\ana,  Cuba 262,395 

Havre,  France 130,196 

Heidelberg,  Germany 40,121 

Hellbronn.  Germany 37,891 

Helder.  Netherlands 26 ,681 

Helsingfors.  Finland 93,578 

Herat,  Afghanistan 45,000 

Hlldesheim.  Germany 42,973 

HimejI.  Japan 36,443 

Hirosaki,  Japan 36,509 

Hiroshima.  Japan '  121 ,198 

Hobart.  Australia 34,809 

Hodmezo-Vasarhely,  Hungary  60,883 

Hof.  Germany 32,805 

Hongkong,  China.... 136,900 

Honolulu.  Hawaii 39,306 

Hornsey,  England 72 ,058 

Hove,  England 36.543 

Howrah.  India 157,594 

Hubll.  India 60,214 

Huddersfleld.  England 86 ,008 

Rue,  Anam 50,000 

Hull,  England 258,127 

Hyde.  England 32,708 

Ibadan.  Yoruba 200,000 

Ichang.  China 45,000 

Igtau.  Austria 24,423 

Ilford  England 41,240 

Imoschi.  Austria 36,789 

Indore.  India 97.804 

Innsbruck,  Austria 27,058 

Inowraclaw,  Germany 26,152 

Insterburg,  Germany 27,289 

Ipswich,  England 70,802 

Iquique,  Chile 43,005 

Irkutsk,  Russia  In  Asia i,  49,108 

Iserlohn,  Germany 27,275 

Ismail,  Russia 33,607 

Ispahan,  Persia 80,000 

Ivanovo-Voznesensk.  Russia. .  56,628 

I vry-sur-Seine,  France 2o  ,575 

Ixelles,  Belgium 62,979 

Jabalpur,  India 90,316 

Jaipur,  India 160,167 

Jalandhar,  India 67,735 

Janlna,  T'lrkey 25,000 

Jaroslaw,  Austria 22 ,641 

Jarrow,  England 34,294 

Jassy,  Roumania 78,060 

Jerez,  Spain 63,473 

Jerusalem,  Turkey  In  Asia ... .  48,000 

Jhansi,  India 55,724 

Jodhpur,  India 60,437 

Johannesburg ,  Transvaal 158 ,580 

Jokjokarta,  Java 58,229 

JOnkoping,  Sweden 23 ,240 

Jumet,  Belgium 25,950 

Kabul,  Afghanistan 70,000 

Kagoshima,  Japan 59 ,001 

Kaiserleh,  Turkey  In  Asia. .. .  72,000 

Kalserslautern ,  Germany 48 ,310 

Kaluga,  Russia 49,728 

Kamenetz,  Russia .39,113 

Kanazawa.  Japan 99 ,657 

Kandahar,  A  fghanlstan 60 ,000 

Karachi,  India 118.663 

Kariskrona.  Sweden 26,074 

Karlsruhe.  Germany 97 ,185 

Kaschau,  Hungary 40,102 

ICaahan,  Persia 40,000 

Kaabtar.  Turkestau 35,000 


Kaslof,  Russia 40,34? 

Kattowltz,  Germany 31,749 

Kazan.  Russia 143,707 

Kazvin,  Persia 40,000 

Kecskemet,  Hungary 57 ,813 

Keighley,  England 41 ,565 

Kerbela,  Turkey  in  Asia 65 ,000 

Kerman,  Persia 60,000 

Kermanshah,  Persia 30,000 

Kertch,  Russia 30,343 

Kharkof.  Russia 197,405 

Khatmandu,  Nepal S0,0OO 

Kherson,  RusiUa 73,186 

Khojent,  Russia  in  Asia 31 ,881 

Khotin,  Russia 30,424 

Klauchau,  China 80,000 

Kief,Russla 319,000 

Kiel.  Germany 121 ,824 

Kilmarnock.  Scotland 34tl6t 

Klmberly,  Cape  of  Good  Hope  34,331 

King's  Norton,  England. .». . .  57,120 

Kingston,  Jamaica 46,543 

Kingston-upon-Thames,  Eng..  34,373 

Kioto,  Japan 380,568 

Klrln,  China 250,000 

Kirkcaldy,  Scotland 34 ,064 

Klshenef,  Russia 125,787 

Kiukiang,  China 38,000 

Kiungchau,  China 30,000 

Klausenburg,  Hungary 49 ,295 

Kobe,  Japan 285,003 

Kofu,  Japan 44,188 

Kokand,  Russia  in  Asia 86,704 

Kokura,  Japan 36,825 

Kolhapur,  India 51 ,373 

Kolomea,  Austria 34,188 

Kom,  Persia 40,000 

Koniah.  Turkey  in  Asia 44 ,000 

KcSnIgsberg.  Germany 57 ,91t 

Kostroma,  Russia 41 ,288 

Kotchl.  Japan S5,8M> 

Kottbus,  Germany 39 ,323 

Kovno,  Russia 73,748 

Krakow,  Austria 91 ,323 

Krasnoyarsk,  Russia  in  Asia. .  33,337 

Krementchug,  Russia 68 ,648 

Kronstadt.  Hungary 36  ,C48 

Kuchlng,  Borneo 25,000 

Kumamoto,  Japan 69,717 

Kure,  Japan 66,008 

Kursk,  Russia 52,898 

Kutais,  Russia 32,493 

Kwala  Kangsa,  Straits  Settle- 
ments    77 ,234 

Lagos,  Nigeria 42,000 

Lahore,  India 202,964 

Laibach,  Austria 36 ,547 

Lancaster,  England 40,329 

Lanchau,  China 500,000 

Landsberg  Germany 33 ,600 

Laoag,  P  1 34,454 

La  Paz,  Bolivia 62,000 

La  Plata,  Argentina 75 ,023 

La  Rochelle,  France 31,559 

Lassa,  Tibet 45,000 

Lausanne,  Switzerland 51 ,936 

Laval,  France 30,350 

Le  Creuzot.  France 30 ,584 

Leece.ItaJy 32,687 

Leeds.  England 436,787 

Leeuwarden  Netherlands....  34,008 

Leghorn,  Italy 98,321 

Leicester.  England 228 ,133 

Leiden,  Netherlands 56 ,044 

Leigh,  England 40,001 

I^ipzig.  Germany 456.129 

x«tta,6ootaaa 81,811 


94 


ATLAS   OF  THE  WORLD 


PRINCIPAL  CITIES  OF  THE  WORLD— Contintjed 


Le  Hans,  France 63,273 

Iiemberg,  Austria 158,877 

Lena,  France 24,353 

Lenz,  Austria. 58,791 

Leon,  Mexico 63,263 

l«on,  Nicaragua 45,000 

Leyton,  England 98,899 

Libau,  Russia 04,505 

LIchtenberg,  Germany 43 ,371 

Lieben,  Austria 21 ,375 

Liege.  Belgium 168,533 

Llegnitz.  Germany 54,883 

Lima.  Peru 130,000 

Limerick.  Ireland 45 ,80a 

Limoges.  France 84,121 

Linares.  Chile 33,000 

Linares.  Spain 38,245 

Lincoln,  England 48 ,784 

Linden,  Germany 50,628 

Llpa.  P.  1 37,924 

Lisbon,  Portugal 356,009 

Ltole.  France 210,690 

Liverpool,  England. .  730,143 

Lodz.  Russia 351,570 

London,  England 6,580,616 

London.  Ont. ,  Canada 37 ,983 

Londonderry.  Ireland 39,892 

Longton,  England 35,825 

Lorca.  Spain 69,836 

Lorlent.  France 44,640 

Louvain.  Belgium 42,194 

Ltibeck.  Germany 82 ,098 

Lublin,  Russia 50,152 

Lucca,  Italy 74,971 

Lucerne.  Switzerland 32,801 

Lucknow,  India 264,049 

Ludwigshafen.  Germany 61,914 

Laneburg,  Germany 24 ,715 

Luton.  England 36,404 

Luxemburg,  Luxemburg 20,928 

Lyon,  France 459,090 

Maastricht.  Netherlands 36 ,146 

Macao,  China 63,991 

Macclesfield.  England 34,635 

Madras.  Ind'a 509,346 

Madrid,  Spain 530,835 

Madura.  India 105,984 

Magdeburg.  Germany 229 ,667 

Maidstone.  England 33,516 

Maikop.  Russia  in  Asia 34,191 

Mainz.  Germany 84,251 

Mako.  Hungary 33,722 

Malaga,  Spain 130,100 

Mallnes.  Belgium 58 ,101 

Malmo,  Sweden 70,797 

Managua.  Nicaragua 30,000 

Manchester.  England 631 ,185 

Mandalay .  India 183 ,816 

Manila,  P.  1 219,928 

Mantpur.  India 67,093 

Manlssa.  Turkey  in  Asia 50,000 

Mannheim,  Germany 141 ,131 

Mantua.  Italy 29,142 

Maracaibo.  Venezuela 34 ,284 

Maranhao.  Brazil 29,308 

Maria  Theresiopol,  Hungary. .  82,122 

Marla[X)l.  Russia 52,770 

Marsala.  Italy 57,567 

Marseille.  France 491 ,101 

Maskat.  Arabia 60,000 

Massa,  Italy 26,413 

Matanzas.  Cuba 45 ,28? 

Matsuyama.  Japan 37,841 

Matfluye.  Japan 35.061 

Maulman,  India. C8,440 

Uayebesbl.  Japan 41,711 

If ecca,  Turkey  In  iUift WiOOO 


Mechlin,  Belgium 58,101 

Medellin,  Colombia 40,000 

Medina.  Turkey  in  Asia 48,000 

Medlnet-el-Fayoum,  Egypt . . .  40,350 

Meerut.  India 118,129 

Mehallet-el  Xebir.  Egypt 31,535 

Mekinez.  Morocco 56,000 

Melbourne.  Australia 508,450 

Mendoza.  Argentina 29,100 

Merida,  K^exlco 43 ,630 

Merthyr  Tydfll,  Wales 69 ,227 

Meshed.  Persia 60,000 

Messina.  Italy 149,778 

Metz.  Germany 58,462 

Mexico, 'Mexico 368,777 

Middlesborough,  England. . . .  98,369 

Milan.  Italy 491,460 

Minsk.  Russia- 91,494 

Mirzapur.  India 79 ,862 

Miskoicz,  Hungary 43,096 

Mitau,  Russia 35,011 

Mito,  Japan 36,928 

Modena,  Italy 64,843 

Modica.  Italy 48,963 

Mohllef.  Russia 45,000 

Molenbeek.  Belgium 61,122 

Molfetta.  Italy 40,135 

Mombasa,  Br.  E.  Africa 27,000 

Monastir,  Turkey 45,000 

Mons,  Belgium 27,072 

Monterey,  Mexico 62,266 

Montevideo .  Uruguay 276 ,000 

Montlucon.  France 35 ,062 

Montpelier.  France 75 ,950 

Montreal.  Canada 267 ,730 

Montreuil,  France 31 ,773 

Monza,  Italy 33,685 

Moradt  bad.  India 75,128 

Morella.  Mexico 37,278 

Morocco,  Morocco 60,000 

Morshansk,  Russia 25,913 

Moscow.  Russia 1,092,360 

Mosul,  Turkey 6i,00O 

Motherwell,  Scotland 30,423 

Mountain  Ash.  Wales 31,093 

Mukden.  China 160,000 

Miilhausen.  Germany 89 ,118 

Mfllhelm-on-Rhlne.  Germany.  45,062 

Mulhelm-on-Ruhr,  Germany. .  80,609 

Multan.  India 87,394 

Munich.  Germany 409,959 

Munster.  Germany 63,778 

Murcia.  Spain Ill  ,539 

Mustapha.  Algeria 38,327 

Muttra,  India 60,042 

Mysore.  India 68,111 

Nafa.  Japan 43,132 

Nagano,  Japan 37,202 

Nagasaki,  Japan 153,293 

Nagoya,  Japan 288,630 

Nagpur.  India 127,734 

Nagy-Koros,  Hungary 26,535 

Naklchevan.  Russia 40,384 

Namangan.  Russia  in  Asia. ...  61 ,906 

Namur.  Belgium 31,940 

Nanchang.  China 300,000 

Nancy,  France 102,559 

Nankin.  China 270,000 

Nantes.  France 132,990 

Naples.  Italy 563,540 

Nara.  Japan 33,735 

Narbonne,  France 24 ,670 

Nawangar.  India 63,844 

Negapatam,  India 57,190 

Nelsset,  Germany 24,367 

Kelson,  England 32,818 

MeulUy,  Franca I7.M 


Neumunster,  Germany 17 ,M 

Neustadt.  Austria 28,70Q 

Nevers.  France 27,679 

Newcastle,  Australia 58,620 

Newcastle,  England 264,511 

New  Guatemala.  Guatemala . .  98,560 

Newport.  England 72,880 

Nice.  France lOS.lOl 

Nilgata.  Japan 50,576 

Nijmegen.  Netherlands 49 ,343 

Nikolaief,  Russia 92,060 

Nlmes.  France 80,606 

Ningpo.  China 260,000 

Nissa,  Servia 24000 

Nluchwang.  China 56J0O0 

Nizhni  Novgorod,  Russia....  t5,124 

Nordhausen,  Germany 28,^6 

NorkOping.  Sweden 44,378 

Northampton,  England 92,441 

Norwich,  England 116,741 

Nottingham.  England 251 ,671 

Novara,  Italy 45,248 

Novgorod,  Russia 26,973 

Novo  Cherkask.  Russia 52,006 

Nuka,  Russia 24,811 

Nuremberg.  Germany 261 ,081 

Nj-treghyhaza.  Hungary 33,068 

Oaxaca  Mexico 3S,0A 

Oberhausen,  Germany 42,148 

Odenburg,  Hungary 33,478 

Odense.  Denmark 40,138 

Odessa.  Russia 449,878 

Offenbach,  Germany 60,488 

Okayama.  Japan 81,026 

Oldenburg,  Germany 28,656 

Oldham.  England J40,225 

Olmiitz,  Austria 22,106 

Omdurman.  Egypt 89,000 

Omsk,  Russia  in  Asia 53,060 

Oporto.  Portugal 172,421 

Oppeln.  Germany 30,176 

Oran.  Algeria 88,335 

(5rebro,  Sweden 25,288 

Orel.  Russia 70,07$ 

Orizaba,  Mexico 32,894 

Orleans.  France 87,311 

Osaka.  Japan 095,945 

Osh.  Russia 87,307 

Osnabriick,  Germany 61 ,578 

Ostend.  Belgium 41,181 

Otaru.  Japan 79,361 

Otsu,  Japan 89,505 

Ottawa.  Canada 60,928 

Oulgaret,  India 64,065 

Ouro  Preto,  Brazil 60,249 

Ovledo.  Spain 48,103 

Oxford,  England 49,330 

Pachuca.  Mexico 37,487 

Padua.  Italy 82,281 

Paisley,  Scotland 85 ,604 

Pakhol.  China 30,000 

Palembang.  Sumatra 63,788 

Palermo.  Itoly 300,894 

Palma.  Spain 83,937 

Palmas.  Canary  Islands 44,517 

Panama,  Panama 30,000 

Para,  Brazil 100,000 

Paramaribo.  Dutch  Guiana. . .  32,586 

Parana.  Argentina 25,000 

Paris.  France 2,714,088 

Parma.  Italy 49,340 

Partlck,  Scotland 64,27t 

Patlala.  India 53,545 

Patna,  India 134,785 

Patras,  Greece 50,158 

l>4U.i''nBce ua» 


ATLAS   OF  THE  WORLD 


95 


PRINCIPAL  CITIES  OF  THE  WORLD— Conthttted 


rarls.  Italy 3S,M7 

Peking.  Chlan 1,800,000 

Pelotas.  Brazil 41,591 

Penang,  Stralta  Settlements.. .  94,086 

Pensa,  Russia 61,851 

Perlgueux,  France 31 ,976 

Penn.Russia 45,403 

Pemambuco,  Brazil Ill  ,556 

Perplgnan,  France 36,157 

Perth,  Australia 42,474 

Perth.  Scotland 84,21* 

Perugia.  Italy 61,385 

Pesaro.  Italy 25,103 

Peshawar,  India 85,147 

Peterborough,  England 30,870 

Pforzheim,  Germany 43 .351 

PhlUppopolls.  East.  Roumelia  42,840 

Placenza,  Italy 36,064 

P>'r«>„  Roumanla 25,000 

rietermarltzburg.  Natal ...',..  34 ,676 

PUsen,  Austria 68,079 

Plngyang.  Korea 74 ,213 

Plnsk,  Russia 27,938 

Plotrkof.  Russia 33,173 

Piraeus,  Greece 61 ,020 

Plrmaaens,  Germany SO  ,200 

Pl8a,Italy 61,321 

Plstoza,  Italy 62,606 

Plauen,  Germany 73,891 

Ployestl,  Roumanla 42.687 

Plymouth,  England 116,000 

Pnum  Penh,  Cambodia 50,000 

Point  de  Galle,  Ceylon 48 ,500 

Poitiers,  France 39,886 

Pola,  Austria 45,206 

Poltava.  Russia 53,060 

Ponce,  Porto  Rico 27,952 

Pondlchery.  India 47 ,843 

Poona,  India 153,320 

Pont-y-Prldd.  Wales 32,319 

Port  au  Prince,  Haiti 70,000 

Port  Arthur,  China 

Port  Elizabeth,  Cape  of  Good 

Hope 32,959 

Port  Louis,  Mauritius 52,740 

Porto  Alegre,  Brazil 100,000 

Port  of  Spain,  Trinidad 54,100 

Porto  Novo.  Dahomey 50,000 

Port  Said,  Egypt 50,179 

Portsmouth.  England 201 ,975 

Posen,  Germany 117,033 

Potosl,  Bolivia 20,910 

Potsdam,  Germany 59,796 

Prague,  Austria 201,589 

Prato.  Italy 51,453 

Praya,  Cape  Verde  Islands. ...  20,000 

Presburg,  Hungary 65,867 

Preston.  England 115 ,721 

Pretoria,  Transvaal 36 ,700 

Prisrend,  Turkey 50,000 

Prossnitz,  Austria 24,343 

Przemysl,  Austria 46,295 

Pskof.  Russia 30,683 

Pueblo.  Mexico 93,521 

Quebec,  Canada 68,840 

Queretaro.  Mexico 33,152 

Quito.  Ecuador 80,000 

Radom,  Russia M),I20 

Ragusa,  Italy 31,950 

Rampur.  India 78,758 

Rangoon,  Iidia 234,881 

Rathmlnes.  Ireland 32,472 

Ratlabon.  Germany.. 45,435 

Ravenna,  Italy 64,031 

Rawalpindi,  India  87,688 

E&wteustall  England 81,062 


Reading  England 77 ,674 

Reggla.  Emilia,  Italy 58,490 

Regglo,  Calabria,  Italy 44 ,415 

Relchenberg,  Austria .34 ,099 

Remscheid.  Germany 58,103 

Rennes.  France 74,676 

Resht,  Persia 40,000 

Reus.  Spain 26,235 

Revel.  Russia 66,292 

Rhelms.  France 108,385 

Rheydt,  Germany 34 ,036 

Rhondda,vWales 113 ,735 

Rlazan,  Russia 44,552 

Richmond,  England 31 ,677 

Riga,  Russia 282,943 

Rlmlnl,  Italy 43,203 

Rio  de  Janeiro,  Brazil 750,000 

Rlxdorf ,  Germany 90 ,422 

Roanne,  France 34,901 

Rochdale.  England 86,390 

Rochefort,  France 36 ,458 

Rochester,  England 30,622 

Rome.  Italy 462,783 

Rosario,  Argentina 140,000 

Rostock.  Germany 54,735 

Rostof.  Russia 119,889 

Rotherham,  England 54 ,348 

Rotterdam,  Netherlands 370 ,390 

Roubalx.  France 124,365 

Rouen.  France 116,316 

Roulers,  Belgium 23,245 

Rowley  Regis,  England 34 ,669 

Rustchuk.  Bulgaria 32,661 

Ryazan,  Russia 25.223 

Saga,  Japan 35,083 

Saharanpur,  India 66,254 

Saigon.  Anam 50,870 

St.  Denis,  France 60,808 

St.  Denis,  Reunion  Island .. . .  27,392 

St.  Etlenne,  France 146 ,559 

St.  Gallen.  Switzerland 50,625 

St.  Gllles,  Belgium 56,750 

St.  Helens,  England 89,843 

St.  John,  New  Brunswick 40,711 

St.  Johns.  Newfoundland 29,594 

St.  Louis.  Senegal 24,070 

St.  Nazalre,  France 35,813 

St.  Nicolas,  Belgium 32,767 

St.  Ouen,  France 35,436 

St.  Petersburg,  Russia 1,313,300 

St.  Quentin,  France.. .. ; 50,278 

Sakal,  Japan 54,040 

Salem,  India. 70,621 

Salerno,  Italy ....  42,727 

Salford,  England 231 ,514 

Salonika,  Turkey 105 ,000 

Saltlllo,  Mexico 23,996 

Salzburg,  Austria.. 33 ,067 

Samarang,  Java 89,286 

Samara,  Russia 91 ,672 

Samarkand,  Russia  In  Asia ...  58 ,194 

San  Jose.  Costa  Rica 24 ,500 

San  Juan,  Porto  Rico 32,048 

San  Louis  Potosl,  Mexico 81,019 

San  Miguel,  Salvador 24,768 

San  Salvador,  Salvador 59,540 

San  Sebastian.  Spain 37,812 

Santa  Ana.  Salvador 48,120 

Santa  Cruz,  Canary  Island. . ..  38,419 

Santa  Fe,  Argentina 25,000 

Santander,  Spain 54 ,694 

Santiago,  Chile 334 ,538 

Santiago  ae  Cuba,  Cuba. 45 ,478 

Santiago.  Spain 24 .927 

Banto  Doralngo.S.  Domingo,.  20,oco 

Santos.  Brazil 85,000 

Sao  Paulo.  BrazU. 150.934 


Sapporo,  Japan <5,8M 

Saragossa,  Spain M,U9 

Saratof.  Russia 143,431 

Sasebo,  Japan 68,344 

Sassarl,  Italy 38,288 

Savona.  Italy 38,365 

Scarborough,  England 38,160 

Schaerbeck,  Belgium 66,617 

Schiedam,  Netherlands 28 ,290 

Schoneberg,  Germany 95 ,998 

Schweldnltz,  Germany .......  28,448 

Schwerin.  Germany. 38,672 

Semipalatlnsk,  Russia 26,350 

Sendai.  Japan 100,231 

Seoul.  Korea 196,646 

Seralng,  Belgium 39,377 

Serajevo,  Austria-Hungary ...  41 ,174 

Seres,Turkey 31,000 

Sergievsk.  Russia 31 ,413 

Seville.  Spain 148,315 

Shahjahanpur,  India 76,458 

Shanghai,  China 651 ,000 

Shasi,  China 80,000 

Sheffield,  England 440,415 

Shiraonosekl,  Japan 46,280 

Shiraz,  Persia. . .  .• 50,004 

Shlzwoka.  Japan 48,744 

Sholapur,  India 75,288 

Shusha.  Russia 25,659 

Slalkot,  India 87,958 

Slangtan.  China 850,000 

Siena.  Italy 28,355 

Simbirsk,  Russia 44,111 

Simferopol.  Russia 80,876 

Slngan,  China 875,000 

Singapore.  Straits  Settlemente  193,089 

Slwas,  Turkey  In  Asia 43,100 

Skutarl,  Turkey  In  Asia 80 ,000 

SUvno,  Eastern  Roumelia. . . .  24,543 

Smethwlck,  England 64 ,560 

Smichow,  Austria 47,135 

Smolensk.  Russia 67,405 

Smyrna,  Turkey  In  Asia 201 ,000 

Sofia,  Bulgaria 67,920 

Solingen,  Germany 46,260 

Southampton,  England 114,897 

Southport,  England 48 ,087 

South  Shields.  England 109 ,360 

Spandau,  Germany 85,014 

Spezla.  Italy 65,612 

Srlnagar.  India 122,608 

Stanlslaw,  Austria. 29 ,956 

Stargard,  Germany 26,875 

Btavanger,  Norway. 80,613 

Stavropol,  Russia  In  Asia 46 ,965 

Stettin,  Germany 210,708 

Stockholm,  Sweden 317,964 

Stockport.  England 98,320 

Stockton-on-Tees,  England .. .  61,476 

Stoke-upon-Trent,  England. . .  80,476 

Stolp,  Germany 27,304 

Stralsund.  Germany 31,178 

Strasburg,  Germany 151 ,041 

Stratford,  England 43 ,000 

Stretford.  England ..........  SO  ,346 

Stry],  Austria 23,300 

Stuttgart,  Germany 176 ,689 

Buchau.  China..., 600,0C1 

Sucre,  Bolivia. 20,900 

Suez,  Egypt... 24,970 

Suit.Egypt 42,078 

Sumy,  Russia 28,511 

Sunderland,  England ........  152,964 

Surabaya.  Java 146,940 

Surakarta,  Java. 125 ,006 

Surat,  India 119,300 

Swansea,  Wales ,,..  96,384 

Swatow.Cblua 48,ooo 


96  ATLAS    OF  THE   WORLD 

PRINCIPAL  CITIES   OF  THE  WORLD— Continued 


twiBdon,  England 45,906 

Sydney,  Austrjilla 508 ,501 

Byracuse.  Italy„ 32,687 

Byzran,  Russia 33,046 

Bzegedln,  Hungary 102 ,991 

Bzekestejervar.  Hungary 32,167 

Bzentes.  Hungary 31,306 

Tabriz,  Persia 200,000 

Taganrog.  Russia ..    58,298 

Taiwan,  Formosa 48 ,097 

TakamatsU,  Japan 37,430 

Takasakl,  Japan 35,226 

Talca.  Chile 43,331 

Tambot,  Russia 49,203 

Tammerfors.  Finland 36,344 

TamsuU  Formosa 100,000 

Tananarivo,  Madagascar 55 ,579 

Tangier.  Morocco 30 ,056 

Tanjore.  India 57,870 

Yanta.  Egypt 57,289 

Taranto,  Italy 60,733 

Tarbes.  France 20,845 

Tamopol,  Austria 30,415 

Tarragona.  Spain 26,285 

Tashkend.  Turkestan 156 ,414 

Tegucigalpa,  Honduras 34,692 

Teheran,  Persia 280,000 

Temesvar.  Hungary 53,033 

Teplltz,  Austria 24,560 

Terama,  Italy 24,563 

Theodosia.  Russia 27,236 

Thorn,  Germany 29,470 

Tientsin,  China 750,000 

Tlflis,  Russia 160,645 

TUburg,  Netherlands 45 ,625 

TUslt,  Germany 34,539 

Tipton.  England 30,543 

Tiraspol.  Russia 29,323 

Tlumen,  Russia  in  Asia 36,000 

Tlemcen,  Algeria 35,468 

Tobolsk,  Russia  in  Asia 21 ,401 

Tojama,  Japan 56,273 

Tokat,  Turkey  In  Asia 60,000 

Tokyo.  Japaa 1,818,655 

Tokushima.  Japan 63 ,710 

Toledo,  Spain 23,:i93 

Toluca,  Mexico 29,904 

Tomsk,  Russia  In  Asia 65 ,530 

Toronto,  Canada 208,040 

Torquay.  England 83,625 

Tortosa,  Spain 25,368 

Totonicapam,  Guatemala.....  28,310 

Tottenham,  England 102,519 

Toulon,  France 101,603 

Toulouse.  France. 149,841 

Tour,  France 64,895 

Tourcolng.  France. .' 79,243 

Toumay,  Belgium... 39,940 


Trapanl.  Italy 69,45J 

Trebizond,  Turkey  In  Aaia. .. .  35,000 

Treves.  Germany 43,506 

Treviso.  Italy 33,987 

Trichinopoli.  India 104,721 

Trient,  Austria. 24,868 

Trieste.  Austria 178,599 

Trikhala.  Greece 21,149 

Tripoli,  Tripoli 35,000 

Trivandrura,  India 57,882 

Trondhjem,  Norway 38 ,180 

Troyes.  France 53,146 

Tsaritsyn,  Russia 67,650 

Tsu,  Japan 36 ,108 

Tucuraan  Argentina 50,000 

Tula,  Russia 109,352 

TunbrldKC  Wells.  England 33,388 

Tunis.  Tunis 176,500 

Turin.  Italy 335,656 

Tver,  Russia 45,644 

Tynemouth,  England ei  ,514 

Udine.  Italy. 37,942 

Ufa,  Russia 49,961 

Ujpest,  Hungary. 41 ,858 

Ulm,  Germany 42,982 

Uraan,  Russia 28,628 

Upsala.  Sweden 24 ,150 

Uralsk,  Russia 38,919 

Uskup,  Turkey 20,000 

Utrecht.  Netherlands 112 ,796 

Utsunomiya,  Japan 33 ,953 

Valence.  France 26,964 

Valencia,  Spain 213 ,530 

Valencia,  Venezuela 38,654 

Valenciennes,  France 30,946 

Valetta.  M.'ilta 61,268 

Valladolid,  Spain 68,789 

Valparaiso,  Chile 143.769 

Vancouver.  Br.  Columbia 28  133 

Varna,  Bulgaria 33,443 

Venice,  luiy 151.840 

Versailles.  France 54  982 

Verviers.  Belgium 49 ,243 

Vlbore.  Russia 32,312 

Viftorla.  Br.  Columbia 20,816 

Vicuna  (Veron.i).  Italy 74.271 

Vienna,  Austria 1 ,674 ,957 

Vlllanova.  India 41 ,913 

Villa  Rica.  Paraguay 25,000 

Vilna,  Russia 162,633 

Vlncennes,  France 31 ,405 

Vinnitsa,  Ru.s9la 34 ,060 

V'i^bsk,  Russia , 66,143 

Vitorla.  Spain 30,701 

Vladlkavkas.  Russia 49.924 

Vladimir,  Russia . , 82,02» 

Vladivostok,  Russia  in  Aal&, ,  88,000 


volgoda,  Russia. njU 

Volsk,  Russia 27,57J 

Voronezh,  Russia^ 84446 

Wakayama,  Japan 68 ,527 

Wakefield,  England 41 ,554 

Wallasey,  England 63,580 

Walsall,  England 92,998 

Walthamsto w,  England 95 ,123 

Warrington,  England 68,301 

Warsaw,  Russia 756 ,426 

Waterford.  Ireland 27,94? 

Weimar,  Germany 28,498 

Weissenfels.  Germany 28,296 

Wellington,  New  Zealand 52,590 

Wenchau.  China 80,000 

West  Bromwich.  England,. . .  67,823 

West  Ham,  England 204 .997 

West  Hartlepool.  England. .. .  62,61 ; 

Wiesbaden.  Germany 86,111 

Wigan,  England 86 ,581 

Willesden,  England 114 ,81S 

Wimbledon.  England 41 ,604 

Winnipeg.  Manitoba 00,204 

Wlnterthur,  Switzerland 25,066 

Withingtx)n.  England 36,201 

Witten,  Germany 33,535 

Wolverhampton.  England....  09,456 

Wood  Green,  England 34,183 

Worcester.  England 46,623 

Worms.  Germany 40,70S 

Wuchang,  China 800,006 

Wuchau.  China 53,006 

Wuhu.  China 122,006 

Wurzburg,  Germany 75,496 

Yamagata.  Japan 40,248 

Yarkand,  China 100,000 

Yarmouth.  England 52,333 

Yaroslaf,  Russia 70,616 

Yelsk.  Russia  in  Asia 35,446 

Yekaterinburg.  Russia 55,488 

Yekaterinoslaf.  Russia 135,553 

Yelets.  Russia 38,236 

Yeli^avethgrad,  Russia 68,183 

Yezd,  Persia 45,006 

Yochau,  China 20,000 

Yokohama,  Japan 328,035 

York,  England 82,363 

Yurief,  Russia 42,813 

zaandam,  Netherlands 23,517 

Zagazlg,  Egypt 35,715 

Zanzibar,  Zanzibar 50,000 

Zhltomer.  Russia. 80,787 

Zittau.  Germany 30,975 

Zurich.  Switzerland 175,033 

Zwickau.  Germany 63,507 

Zw^iiC,  Netherlands..  ••••.,■  83,380 


ATLAS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


97 


PRINCIPAL  CITIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


Latest  Official  Estimates  of  Population 

This  alphabetical  list  of  cities  of  the  United  States  having  10,000  inhabitants 
or  more  gives  population  of  cities  in  States  of  Florida,  Iowa,  Kansas,  Massa- 
chusetts, Minnesota,  New  Jersey,  New  York,  North  Dakota,  Rhode  Island,  South 
Dakota  and  Wisconsin  in  accordance  with  the  State  enumerations  of  1905, 
cities  of  Michigan  in  accordance  with  the  State  enumeration  of  1904  and  the 
other  cities  are  estimated  as  of  1909,  under  the  method  adopted  by  the  United 
States  Census  Bureau  and  known  as  the  "arithmetical  method."  This  method 
rests  on  the  assumption  that  the  annual  increase  of  each  year  since  the  last  census 
would  be  one-tenth  of  the  decennial  increase  between  the  last  two  censuses.  The 
country  as  a  whole  and  most  of  the  states  and  cities  are  growing  with  a  steadily 
decreasing  per  cent,  of  increase.  As  this  condition  has  obtained  in  the  United 
States  for  the  last  twenty  years  it  is  likely  to  hold  good  in  the  immediate  future. 
Under  such  conditions  the  "arithmetical  method"  has  been  proved  moreaccur- 
ate  than  any  alternative  method  available.  Population  of  places  marked  thus  * 
are  estimated  from  reliable  local  sources. 


City  and  State.  Pop. 

Adams,  Mass 12,486 

Adrian,  Mich ]0,C80 

Akron.  Ohio •.  56.342 

Alameda,  Calif.*  . .  .  30,000 

Albany,  N.  Y 98,374 

Alexandria,  Va 14,800 

Allegheny,  Pa 152,014 

AUentown,  Pa 44,585 

Alpena,  Mich 12,400 

Alton,  111 17,810! 

Altoona,  Pa 46,755 

Amsterdam,  N.  Y. . .  23,943 

Anderson,  In  i 28,671 

Ann  Arbor,  Mich.. .  .  14,599 

Ansonia,  Conn 14,312 

Appleton,  Wis 17,000 

Asheville.  N.  C 18,707 

Ashland,  Wis 14,519 

Ashtabula,  Ohio 17,099 

Atchison,  Kan 18,257 

Athens,  Ga 11,685 

Atlanta,  Ga 112,787 

Atlantic  City,  N.  J.  .  37,593 

Attleboro,  .Mass 12,702 

Auburn,  Me 14,482 

Auburn,  N.  Y 31,422 

Augusta,  Ga 45,174 

Augusta,  Me 12,723 

Aurora,  111 28,197 

Austin,  Te.xas 29,173 

Baltimore,  Md 591,755 

Bangor,  Me 24,322 

Batavia,  N.  Y 10,089 

Bath,  Me 12,056 

Baton  Rouge,  La.*.  .  25,000 

Battle  Creek,  Mich..  22,213 

Bay  City,  .Mich 27,644 

Bayonne,  N.  J 42,262 

Beaver  Falls,  Pa 10,500 

Belleville,  111 19.395 

Beloit.  Wis 12.865 


I     City  and  State.  Pop. 

Berkeley,  Calif.* 35,000 

Beverly.  Mass 15,223 

Biddeford,  Me 17,677 

Bingham  ton,  N.  Y. .  42,036 

Birmingham,  Ala.  .  .  49,428 

Bloomfield,  N.  J 11,668 

Bloomington,  111. . .  .  25,806 

Boston,  Mass.  * 024,921 

Braddock,  Pa 22,938 

Bradford,  Pa 19,093 

Bridgeport.  Conn.  .  .  90,913 

Bridgeton,  N.  J 13,624 

Brockton,  Mass 47.794 

Brookline.  Mass.  . .  .  23,436 

Buffalo,  N.  Y 439,457 

Bullfrog,  Nev.* 12,000 

Burlington,  la 25,318 

Burlington,  Vt 22,285 

Butler,  Pa 12,760 

Butte,  Mont.* 60,000 

Cairo,  III 14,546 

Cambridge.  Mass.. .  .  97,434 

Camden,  N.  J 83,363 

Canton.  Ohio 34,697 

Carbondale,  Pa 15,969 

Cedar  Rapids,  la..  .  .  28,759 
Central  Falls,  R.  I  . .     19,446 

Charleston,  S.  C 56,573 

Charleston,  W.  Va.  .  15,220 

Charlotte,  N.  C.*..  .  .  30,000 
Chattanooga,  Tenn.*    50,000 

Chelsea,  Mass 37,289 

Chester,  Pa 46,394 

Cheyenne,  Wyo.*. . .  22,000 

.Chicago,  111 2,364,075 

Chicopee,  Mass 20,191 

Chillicothe,  Ohio 14, .506 

Cincmnati,  Ohio*.  .  .  400  000 

Cleveland,  Ohio 515.56,3 

Clinton,  la 22,756 

Clinton,  Mass 13, 105 


City  and  State.  Pop. 

Cofleyville,  Kan 13,182 

Cohoes,  N.  Y 24.183 

Colorado  Spgs.  Col.  .  30,085 

Columbia,  Pa 13,761 

Columbia,  S.  C 26,288 

Columbus,  Ga 17,831 

Columbus,  Ohio.  .  .  .  159,229 

Concord,  N.  H 21.997 

Coming.   N.  Y 13,515 

Cortland,  N.  Y 11,272 

Council  Bluffs,  la. .  .  25,231 

Covington,  Ky 47,948 

Cranston,  R.  1 17.570 

Cripple  Creek,  Col. .  .  15,000 

Cumberland,  Md....  21,988 

Dallas.  Texas,* 100,000 

Danbury.  Conn 16,522 

Danville.  Ill 19.602 

Danville.  Va 22.114 

Davenport,  la 39,797 

Dayton.  Ohio 107,035 

Decatur,  III 24,264 

Denison,  Texas 12,700 

Denver,  Col.* 180,000 

Des  Moines,  la 75,629 

Detroit,  Mich 317,591 

Dover,  N.H 13,494 

Dubuque,  la 41,941 

Duluth,  Minn 64,942 

Dunkirk,  N.Y 15,250 

Dunmore,  Pa 16,424 

E.  Liverpool,  Ohio.  .  21,462 

E.  Orange,  N.  T 25,175 

E.  Providence,' R.  L.  13,750 

Easton,  Pa 34,909 

E.  St.  Louis,  111 42,682 

Eau  Claire,  Wis 1 8,737 

Elgin,  111 26,222 

Elizabeth,  N.  J 60,509 

Elkhart,  Ind 18,178 

ElmJra.  N.  y 34,687 


City  and  State.  Pop. 

El  Paso,  Texas 20,930 

Elwood,  Ind 22,553 

Erie.  Pa 63,622 

Escanaba.  Mich 1 1 .098 

Evanston,  111 23.557 

Evansville.  Ind 66.432 

Everett,  Mass 29,111 

Fall  River.  Mass 105,762 

Fargo,  N.D 12,512 

Findlay,  Ohio 17,500 

Fitchburg,  Mass 33,021 

Flint,  Mich 14,884 

Fond  du  Lac,  Wis. .  .  17.284 

Fort  Dodge.  la 14.369 

Fort  Scott.  Kan.  . .  .  12.202 

Fort  Smith.  Ark 13.876 

Fort  Wayne,  Ind. . . .  53,865 

Fort  Worth,  Texas* .  68. 1 00 

Framingham,  Mass. .  1 1 ,548 

Freeport,  111 16,030 

Fresno,  Calif.* -35,000 

Galesburg.  Ill 20,945 

Galveston,  Texas*. . .  38,000 

Gardner,  Mass 12,012 

Gary,  Ind.* 20,000 

Geneva,  N.Y 12,249 

Glens  Falls,  N.  Y.  .  .  14,650 

Gloucester,  Mass 26,01 1 

Gloversville,  >I.  Y.. .  18.672 

Goldfield.  Nev.*.  .  .  .  15,000 

Grand  Forks,  N.D. .  10,127 

Grand  Rapids,  Mich.  95,718 

Great  Falls,  Mont.*..  35,000 

Green  Bay.  Wis 22,854 

Greensboro,  N.  C*. .  20,000 

Greenville,  S.  C 14,788 

Guthrie,  Okla.* 18,000 

Hackensack,  N.J...  11 ,098 

Hagerstown,  Md 16,717 

Hamilton,  Ohio 29,628 

Hammond.  Ind 18.629 


98 


ATLAS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


PRINCIPAL  CITIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


City  and  State. 

Hannibal,  Mo 

Harrisburg,  Pa 

Harrison,  N.  J 

Hartford,  Conn 

Haverhill,  Mass 

Hazelton  Pa. ...... 

Helena,  Mont.* 

Henderson,  Ky 

Hoboken,  N.  J 

Holyoke,  Mass 

Homestead,  Pa 

Homell  N.  Y 

Houston,  Texas,*. .  . 

Hudson,  N.  Y 

Huntington,  W.  Va 
Hutchin.son,  Kan .  .  . 
Hyde  Park,  Mass.  .  . 
Independence,  Kan. 
Indianapolis,  Ind.  .  . 

Ironton,  Ohio 

Ironwood,  Mich 

Ishpeming,  Mich. .  .  . 

Ithaca,  N.  Y 

Jackson,  Mich 

Jackson,  Tenn 

Jacksonville,  Fla. .  .  . 
acksonville.  III 
amestown,  N.  Y .  .  . 
anesville.  Wis 

effersonville,  Ind..  . 

ersey  City,  N.  J. .  .  . 

ohnstown,  N.  Y.. . . 

ohnstown.  Pa 

oliet.  111.* 

oplin.  Mo.* 

klalamazoo,  Mich. .  . 

Kankakee,  III 

Kansas  City,  Kan. .  . 
Kansas  City,  Mo.*.  . 

Kearny,  N.  j 

Kenosha,  Wis 

Keokuk,  la 

Key  West,  Fla 

Kingston,  N.  Y 

Knoxville,  Tenn.*.. . 

Kokomo,  Ind 

La  Crosse,  Wis 

Lafayette,  In  J 

Lancaster,  Pa 

Lansing,  Mich 

Laredo,  Texas 

La  Salle.  Ill 

Lawrence,  Kan 

Lawrence,  Mass 

Leadville,  Col.  ..... 

Leavenworth,  Kan.  . 

Lebanon,  Pa 

Leominster,  Mass. .  . 

Lewiston,  Me 

Lexington,  Ky.  v . . . 

Lima,  Ohio 

Lincoln,  Neb 

Little  Falls,  N.  Y . . . 
Little  Rock,  Ark. . . . 

Lockport,  N.  Y 

Logansport,  Ind. . , , 
Long  Branch,  N.  J. . 

Lorain,  Ohio 

Los  Angeles.  Calif.*  . 

Louisville,  Ky 

Lowell,  Mass 

Lynchburg,  Va 

Lynn,  Mass 

McKeesport,  Pa.  .  .  . 

Macon,  Ga.* 

Madison,  Wis 

Mahanoy  City,  Pa. , . 


Pop, 
13,000 
59,870 
12,823 
103,808 
37,830 
16,352 
15,000 
11,565 
65,468 
49,934 
16,723 

,  13,259 
80,000 
10,290 

,  15,220 
11,214 
14,510 
11,190 
226,519 
12,800 
10,019 
11,623 
14,615 
25,300 
18,536 
35,. 301 
16,916 
26,160 
13,770 
11,000 

232,699 
9,84, 
48,654 
50,000 
20,000 
29 

17,708 
67,613 

2.-)0,000 
13,601 
16,235 
14,604 
20,498 
25,556 
52,000 
12,822 
2),078 
19,802 
49,962 
20,276 
15,328 
10,859 
11,597 
70,050 
14,345 
20,924 
20,296 
14,297 
25,615 
30,591 
26,981 
53,656 
11,122 
49,497 
17„')53 
18,765 
12,183 
26,076 

325,000 

243,973 
94.889 
18,891 
77,042 
46..3,54 
50,000 
24,301 
15,051 


City  and  State. 

Maiden,  Mass 

Manchester,  Conn. .  . 
Manchester,  N.  H . . . 

Manistee,  Mich 

Manitowoc,  Wis.  .  .  . 

Mankato,  Minn 

Mansfield,  Ohio 

Marietta,  Ohio 

Marinette,  Wis 

Marion,  Ind 

Marion,  Ohio 

Marlboro,  Mass 

Marquette,  Mich. . .  . 
Marshalltown,  la.  .  . 

Massillon,  Ohio 

Meadville,  Pa 

Medford,  Mass 

Melrose,  Mass 

.Memphis,  Tenn 

Menominee,  Mich.  .  . 

Meriden,  Conn 

Meridian,  Miss 

-Michigan City,  Ind.. 
-Middletown,  N.  Y.. . 

Milford,  Mass 

.Millville,  N.  J 

Wis 


Milwaukee 
Minneapolis,  Minn.  . 
Missoula,  Mont.''...  . 

Mobile,  Ala 

Moline,  111 

Montclair,  N.  J 

Montgomery,  Ala.  .  . 
.Morristown,  N.  J. . .  . 

Mt.  Carmel,  Pa 

Mt.  Vernon,  N.  Y..  . 

Muncie,  Ind 

Muscatine,  la 

Muskegon,  Mich.  .  .  . 

Nanticoke,  Pa 

Nashau,  N.  H 

Nashville,  Tenn.*.  .  . 

Natchez,  Miss 

Naugatuck,  Conn. .  . 
IVew  Albany,  Ind .  .  . 
New  Bedford,  Mass  . 
New  Britain,  Conn. 
New  Brunswick,  N.J. 
New  Haven,  Conn.  . 
New  London,  Conn  . 
New  Orleans,  La.'''.  . 
New  Rochelle,  N.  Y. 

Newark,  N.  J 

Newark,  Ohio 

Newburg,  N.  Y 

Newburyport,  Mass. 

Newcastle,  Pa 

Newport,  Ky 

Newport  News,  Va.  . 

Newport,  R.  I 

Newton,  Ma.ss 

New  York,  N.  Y...4, 
Niagara  Falls,  N.  Y. . 

Norfolk,  Va 

Norristown,  Pa. ... 
North  Adams,  Mass  . 
Northampton,  Mass. 
N.  Tonawanda.  N.  Y. 
North  Yakima,  Wash. 

Norwich,  Conn 

Oakland,  Calif.*.  .  .  . 
Ogdensburg,  N.  Y. . . 

Ogden,  Utah 

Oil  City,  Pa 

Oklahoma.  Okla.*. .  . 

Olean,  N.  Y 

Omaha,  Neb 


Pop. 
38,037 
12,260 
68,561 
12,708 
12,733 
10,996 
21,380 
17,916 
15,354 
25,045 
14,333 
14,073 
10,665 
12,045 
13,611 
10,830 
19,686 
14,295 

136,420 
11,096 
26,636 
17,133 
18,517 
14,516 
12,105 
11.884 

312,948 

261,974 
20,000 
45,123 
21,971 
16,370 
37,963 
12,146 
16,623 
25,006 
29,579 
15,087 
20,897 
13,981 
28,028 
95,000 
14,108 
13,565 
21,000 
74,362 
34,529 
23,133 

131,083 
20,201 

350,000 
20,480 

283,289 
21,745 
26,498 
14,675 
43,404 
31,346 
34,100 
25,039 
36,827 

013,781 
26,560 
56,902 
24,582 
22,150 
19,957 
10.157 

*12,000 
18,014 

190,000 
13,179 
17,081 
15,363 
30,000 
10,163 

136,662 


City  and  State.  Pop. 

Orange,  N.J 26.101 

Oshkosh,  Wis 30.575 

Oskaloosa,  la 10,203 

Oswego,  N.  Y 22,572 

Ottawa,  111 11,008 

Ottumwa,  la 20,101 

Owensboro,  Ky 16,197 

Paducah.  Ky 26,524 

Parkersburg,  W.  Va.  14,006 

Parsons,  Kan 12,034 


Passaic,  N.  J 37,837 

Paterson,  N.  J 111,529 

Pawtucket,  R.  I 49,669 

Peabodv,  Mass 13,098 

Peekskiil,  N.  Y 13,200 

Pensacola,  Fla 15,940 

Peoria.  Ill 69,668 

Perth  Amboy,  N.  J 

■Petersburg,  Va 21,810 

Philadelphia,  Pa..  .1,567,845 

Phillipsburg,  N.  J.  . .  13,352 

Pine  Bluff,  Ark 12,886 

Piqua,  Ohio 14,946 

Pittsburg,  Kan 15,111 

Pittsburg,  Pa.* 500,000 

Pittsfield.  Mass 25,001 

Pittston,  Pa 14,585 

Plainfield,  N.  J 18,468 

Plattsburg,  N.  Y.. .  .  10.184 

Plymouth.  Mass.  ...  11.119 

Plymouth,  Pa 17.524 

Pontiac,  Mich 10.884 

Port  Huron.  Mich. .  .  20.028 

Pordand,  Me 02.493 

Portland.  Ore.* 175.000 

Portsmouth.  N.  H..  .  1 1.204 

Portsmouth.  Ohio.. .  22,027 

Portsmouth,  Va.  . .  .  21,207 

Pottstown,  Pa 1 4, 1 00 

Pottsville,  Pa 17,1.50 

Poughkeepjie.  N.  Y.  25,379 

Providence,  R.  I 214.703 

Pueblo.  Col 31,395 

Suincy,  111 40,534 

uincy,  Mass 28,076 

Racine,  Wis 32,290 

Raleigh,  N.C 14,315 

Reading,  Pa 97,231 

Rensselaer.  N.  Y..  .  .  10,715 

Revere,  Mass 12,050 

Richmond,  lad 19,082 

Richmond,  Va 88,345 

Roanoke,  Va 25,220 

Rochester,  N.  Y 181,600 

Rockford,  111 36,2V3 

Rock  Island.  Ill 24.760lWestfield.  Mass 

Rome.  N.  Y 15.502,  W.  Hoboken,  N.  J. 

Rutland.  Vt 12.038iWeymouth,  Mass. 


City  and  State. 

Shamokin.  Pa 

Sheboygan.  Wis.  .  . 
Shenandoah,  Pa.  .  . 
Sherman,  Texas.  .  . 
Shreveport,  La.*..  . 

Sioux  City,  la 

Sioux  Falls.  S.  D. . . 
Somerville.  Mass. .  . 
South  Bend.  Ind. . .  , 
S.  Bethlehem.  Pa.  .  , 
Southbridge.  Mass. 
South  Omaha.  Neb. 
Spartanburg.  S.  C* 
Spokane.  Wash.*.  . 

Springfield.  Ill 

Springfield.  Mass.. .  , 

Springfield.  Mo 

Springfield.  Ohio..  .  . 

Stamford.  Conn 

Steelton.  Pa 

SteubenviUe.  Ohio.  , 
Stillwater.  Minn.  .  .  , 

Stockton,  Calif.* 

Streator.  Ill 

Superior,  Wis 

Syracuse.  N.  Y . . , .  . 
Tacoma.  Wash.*. . .  , 

Tampa.  Fla 

Taunten.  Mass 

Terre  Haute.  Ind.  .  . 

Tiffin.  Ohio 

Toledo.  Ohio 

Tonopah.  Nev.*.  .  .  . 

Topeka.  Kan 

Traverse  City,  Mich, 

Trenton.  N.  J 

Troy,  N.  Y 

Union,  N.  J 

Utica,  N.  Y 

Vicksburg,  Miss 

Vincennes,  Ind 

Waco,  Texas* 

Wakefield,  Mass.  .  .  . 
Walla  Walla,  Wash.. 

Waltham,  Mass 

Warwick.  R.  I 

Washington.  D.  C. .  . 
Waterbury,  Conn.  .  . 

Waterloo,  la 

Wateitown,  Mass. .  . 
Watertown,  N.  Y. .  . 

Watervliet,  N.  Y 

Wausau.  Wis 

Webster.  Mass 

W.  Bay  City,  Mich.  . 


Sacramento.  Calif.*.  .  50,000 

Saginaw,  Mich 46,010 

St.  Joseph,  Mo 148,569 

St.  Louis,  Mo 712,425 

St.  Paul,  Minn 197,023 

Salem,  Mass 36,027 

Salt  Lake,  Utah* 90,000 

San  Antonio,  Texas*    93,000 
San  Diego,  Calif.*.  .  .    45,000 

Sandusky,  Ohio 20,7.38 

San  Francisco,  Cal.*.  425,000 

San  Jose,  Calif.* 30,000 

Saratoga  Spgs.,N.Y..    12,999 
SauItSte.  Marie.  Mich.  11.442 

Savannah.  Ga 64,194 

Schenectady,  N.  Y..    58,387 

Scranton,  Pa 126,1,56 

Seattle,  Wash.* 2.50,000 

Sedalia.  Mo 16.043 


Wheeling,  W.  Va 
White  Plains,  N.  Y. . 

Wichita,  Kan 

Wichita  Falls,  Tex.*. 
Wilkes-Barre,  Pa.  . . 
W  ilkinsburg.  Pa.  . . . 
Williamsport,  Pa.  . . 
Wilmington,  Del. . . . 
Wilmington.  N.C... 

Winona,  Minn 

Winston-Salem,  N.C. 

Wobum,  Mass 

Woonsocket,  R.  I. . . 
Worcester,  Mass.  . .  . 

Yonkers,  N.  Y 

York,  Pa 

Youngstown,  Ohio.  - 
Zanesville,  Ohio.  . .  . 


Pop. 
21,621 
24,026 
24.299 
12,500 
30,000 
40,952 
12,283 
69,272 
48.761 
15,886 
11,000 
38,552 
16,671 
125,000 
46,435 
73.540 
24.541 
43.975 
17.859 
14.638 
15,014 
12,435 
25,000 
16,478 
36.551 
117,503 
100,000 
22,823 
30,967 
42,483 
11,115 
177.171 
15.000 
37.817 
1K237 
84.180 
76,910 
17.005 
62,934 
16,149 
11,509 
26,303 
10,268 
15,450 
26,282 
24.773 

321.212 
62.351 
18.071 
11,258 
25,447 
14,600 
14.458 
10.018 
12,997 
13.611 
29.082 
11,585 
42,798 
31,078 
11,579 
8,000 
64,321 
16,588 
30,220 
90,077 
22,000 
20,334 

*  18,000 
14,402 
34,841 

148,710 
61.716 
45.332 
55.385 
25.302 


CONCENTRATES 

Produced,  prepared  and  treated  in  our  engineering 
department. 

Our  experience  of  over  half  a  century  of  successful 

operation    is  a  guarantee  of  high   class,  in  every 

detail. 

We  mariufacture  mining  and  ore  reduction  machin- 
ery of  every  description  for  every  character  of  -work. 

a^ 

We  are  specialists  in  hydraulics. 

Our  shops  are  new  and  our  equipment  the  most 
modern  in  the  W^est. 

If  you  do  not  find  the  information,  or  value  you 

want  in  this  sample  sack  of  concentrates,  write  us — 

we  can  supply  it  by  the  carload. 

HP 
Address  all  communications  to- 

JOSHUA  HENDY  IRON  WORKS 

75  Fremont  St.,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 


Copyright,  1910,  by  Joshua  Hencly  Iron  Works,  Saii  Francisco,  California 


Useful  Information 

Useful  Numbers  in  Calculating  Weights,  Measures,  Etc. 


Feet  multiplied  by  .00019  equals  miles. 
Yards  multiplied  by  .0006  equals  miles. 
Links  multiplied  by  .22  equals  yards. 
Links  multiplied  by  .66  equals  feet. 
Feet  multiplied  by  1.515  equals  links. 
Square  inches   multiplied    by  .00695    equals 

square  feet. 
Circular  inches  multiplied  by  .00546  equals 

square  feet. 
Square  feet  multiplied  by  .111  equals  square 

yards. 
Acres  multiplied  by  .4840  equals  square  yards. 
Square  yards  multiplied  by  .0002066  equals 

acres. 
Width  in  chains  multiplied  by  .8  equals  acres 

per  mile. 
Cubic  feet  multiplied  by  .03704  equals  cubic 

yards. 
Cubic   inches   multiplied   by   .00058     equals 

cubic  feet. 
U.    S.    bushels   multiplied    by    .0461    equals 

cubic  yards. 
U.   S.   bushels  multiplied   by   1.2444  equals 

cubic  feet. 
U.  S.  bushels  multiplied  by  2150.42  equals 

cubic  inches. 
Cubic  feet  multiplied  by  .8036  equals  U.  S. 

bushels. 
Cubic  inches  multiplied  by   .000465  equals 

U.  S.  bushels. 
U.   S.   gallons  multiplied   by   .13.367   equals 

cubic  feet. 
U.  S.  gallons  multiplied  by  .231  equals  cubic 

inches. 
Cubic  feet  multiplied  by  7.48  equals  U.  S. 

gallons. 
Cylindrical  feet  multiplied  by  .0034  equals 

U.  S.  gallons. 
Pounds  multiplied  by  .009  equals  cwt. 
Pounds  multiplied  by  .00045  equals  long  tons. 
Cubic  foot  of  water  multiplied  by  62.5  equals 

lbs.  avoird. 
Cubic   inch   of  water  multiplied   by   .03608 

equals  lbs.  avoird. 
Cylindrical     inch    of    water    multiplied    by 

.02842  equals  lbs.  avoird. 
Cylindrical  foot  of  water  multiplied  by  49.1 

equals  lbs.  avoird. 
Cubic   inches  multiplied  by   .004329  equals 

U.  S.  gallons. 
Cylindrical  feet  multiplied  by  5.874  equals 

U.  S.  gallons. 
U.  S.  gallons  of  water  multiplied  by  13.44 

equals  one  cwt. 
U.  S.  gallons  of  water  multiplied  by  208.8 

equals  one  ton. 


Cubic  feet  of  water  multiplied  by  1.8  equals 

one  cwt. 
Cubic    feet    of    water    multiplied    by    35.88 

equals  one  ton. 
Cylindrical    foot    of    water    multiplied    by 

5.875  equals  U.  S.  gallons. 
Diameter  of  a  circle  multiplied  by  3.14159265 

equals  circumference. 
Diameter    of   a    circle    multiplied    by    .8862 

equals  side  of  an  equal  square. 
Diameter    of    a   circle   multiplied    by    .7071 

equals  side  of  an  inscribed  square. 
Square  of   a  diameter  multiplied   by   .7854 

equals  area  of  circle. 
Circumference    of    a    circle    multiplied    by 

.31831  equals  diameter. 
Side  of  a  square  multiplied  by  1.128  equals 

diameter  of  equal  circle. 
Square  foot  of  an  area  multiplied  by  1.12837 

equals  diameter  of  equal  circle. 
Square  of  the  diameter  of  a  sphere  multiplied 

by  3.1416  equals  convex  surface. 
Cube  of  the  diameter  of  a  sphere  multiplied 

by  .5236  equals  solidity. 
Diameter   of   a    sphere   multiplied    by    .806 

equals  dimensions  of  equal  cube. 
Diameter  of  a   sphere   multiplied   by   .6667 

equals  length  of  equal  cylinder. 
Cylindrical    inches    multiplied    by    .0004546 

equals  cubic  feet. 
Cylindrical  feet  multiplied  by  .02909  equals 

cubic  yards. 
Cubic  inches  multiplied  by   .003607  equals 

imperial  gallons. 
Cubic  feet  multiplied  by  .6232  equals  imperial 

gallons. 
Cylindrical    inches    multiplied    by    .002832 

equals  imperial  gallons. 
Cylindrical  feet   multiplied  by  4.895  equals 

imperial  gallons. 
Lineal    feet    multiplied    by    .00019    equals 

statute  miles. 
Lineal   yards   multiplied   by   .000568  equals 

statute  miles. 
Column  of  water  12  inches  high,  1  inch  in 

diameter,  equals  .341  lbs. 
183.346  circular  inches  equals  1  square  foot. 
2200  cylindrical  inches  equals  1  cubic  foot. 
French  metres  multiplied  by  3.28  equals  feet. 
Kilogrammes    multiplied    by    2.205    equals 

avoird.  lbs. 
Grammes     multiplied     by     .002205     equals 

avoird.  lbs. 
Square  of  diameter  of  cylinder  in  feet  mul- 
tiplied by  depth  in  feet  and  by  .14  equalf 

barrels  of  42  gallons. 


100 


Table  of  Weights  and  Meai^ures 


LONG   MEASURE. 

12  inches 1  foot 

3  feet 1    yard 

2  yards 1  fathom 

16H  feet , 1  rod 

4  rods 1  chain 

10  chains 1  furlong 

8  furlongs 1   mile 

3  miles 1  league 

SQUARE    MEASURE. 

9  square  feet 1  square  yard 

30J^  square  yards 1  square  rod 

40  square  rods 1  rood 

8  roods 1  acre 

640  acres 1  square  mile 

An  acre  is  209  square  feet. 

DRY    MEASURE. 

2  pints 1    quart 

4  quarts 1    peck 

4  pecks ' 1  bushel 

LIQUID   MEASURE. 

4  gills 1    pint 

2  pints 1    quart 

4  quarts 1  gallon 

TROY  WEIGHT. 

24  grains 1  pennyweight 

20  pennyweights 1  ounce 

12  ounces 1  pound 

AVOIRDUPOIS   WEIGHT. 

16  drams 1  ounce 

16  ounces 1  pound 

25  pounds J   quarter 

4  quarters 1  hundred 

20  hundreds 1   ton 

APOTHECARIES   WEIGHT. 

20  grains 1  scruple 

3  scruples 1  dram 

8  drams 1  ounce 

12  ounces 1  pound 


■  ' '  -  '  •  ^  ■  >  ■  TIM'li  MEASURE.  ■ 

60  seconds 1  minute 

60  minutes 1  hour 

24  hours 1  day 

7  days 1  week 

52  weeks | 

12  calendar  months >■  1  year 

365  days J 

CUBIC    MEASURE. 

1728  cubic  inches 1  cubic  foot 

27  cubic  feet 1  cubic  yard 

16  cubic  feet 1  cord  foot 

8  cord  feet )  ,   ^„    . 

128  cubic  feet J  ^  '^°'^^ 

LAND   MEASURE. 

7 .  92  inches I  link 

25  links 1    rod 

4  rods 1   chain 

80  chains 1   n\ile 

CIRCULAR    MEASURE. 

60  seconds 1  minute 

00  minutes 1  degree 

30  degrees 1  sign 

00  degrees 1  sextant 

91)  degrees 1  quadrant 

360  degrees 1  circle 

TABLE   OF    QUANTITIES. 

12  units 1  dozen 

12  dozen 1  gross 

20  units 1  score 

24  sheets 1  quire 

20  quires 1  ream 

GENERAL   MEASURE. 

A  mile 5280  feet 

A  knot 6080.26  feet 

A  cubit 2  feet 

A  pace 3  feet 

A  palm .3  inches 

A  hand 4  inches 

A  span 9  inches 


Metric  System 


MEASURES   OF   WEIGHT. 

(Unit  Gramme.) 

Oz.  Lbs. 

Grains.  Troy  Avoir.     Cwt. 

Centigramme.  .  .         0.15432  

Decigramme 1 .  54323       0 .  003     

Gramme 15.43235       0.032       0.002   

Decagramme 154.32349       0.321       0.022    

Hectogramme...    1643.23488       3.215  0.2200. 001 

Kilogramme ....  15432 .  34880  32 .  150  2 .  204  0.019 


MEASURES   OF   LENGTH. 

(Unit  Metre.) 

Inches.  Feet  Yards  Miles 

Millimetre ...  .         0.03937  0.003  0.001  . 

Centimetre    .  .          0.39371  0.032  0.010  ... 

Decimetre 3.93708  0.328  0.109  . 

Metre 39 .  37079  3 .  280  1 .  093 

Decametre,...     393.70790  32.808  10.936  0.006 

Hectometre...    3937.07900  328.089  109.303  0  062 

Kilometre.  .      39370.79000  3280.899  1093.633  0.621 


CONVENIENT  MULTIPLES  FOR  CONVERSION. 

To  Convert 

Grains  to  Grammes Multiply  by  .005 

Ounces  to  Grammes "  "  28.35 

Pounds  to  Grammes "  "  453 . 6 

Pounds  to  Kilogrammes "  "  ,45 

Cwts.  to  Kilogrammes "  "  50.8 

Tons  to  Kilogrammes "  "  1016. 

Grammes  to  Grains "  "  15.4 

Grammes  to  Ounces "  "  0.35 

Kilogramm.es  to  Ounces "  "  35.3 

Kilogrammes  to  Pounds "  "  2.2 

Kilogrammes  to  Cwts "  "  .02 

Kilogrammes  to  Tons "  "  .001 

Inches  to  Millimetres "  "  25.4 

Inches  to  Centimetres "  "  2.54 

Feet  to  Metres "  "  .3048 

Yards  to  Metres "  "  .9144 

Yards  to  Kilometres "  "  .0009 

Miles  to  Kilometres "  "  1.6 

Millimetres  to  Inches "  "  .04 

Centimetres  to  Inches "  "  .4 

Metres  to  Feet "  "  3.3 

Metres  to  Yards "  "  1.1 

Kilometres  to  Yards "  "  1093.6 

Kilometres  to  Miles "  "  .62 

I  Yard=0.9144  metre.      1  Sq.  Metre-l.lOfl  sq.  yd. 
1  Litre=^1.760  Pints  or  0.22  Gals. 


101 


Weights  of  Flat  Iron 

Per  Kneal- foot  in  pounds, 
i  hickness  in  inches. 


Width 

in  Inch. 

H 

A 

Vs 

Vi 

Vs 

M 

% 

1 

IK 

IH 

H 

.422 

.52 

.634 

H 

.633 

.79 

.950 

i.26 

i .  58 

1 

.830 

1.05 

1.25 

1.67 

2.08 

2.50 

2.02 

3.33 

4.17 

5.66 

l}4 

.930 

1.18 

1.40 

1.87 

2.34 

2.81 

3.38 

3.75 

4.75 

5  70 

IH 

1.04 

1.32 

1.56 

2.08 

2.60 

3.12 

3.64 

4.17 

5.21 

6.25 

Ws 

1.14 

1.45 

1.71 

2.29 

2.86 

3  40 

4.01 

4.58 

5.77 

6.97 

114 

1.25 

1.58 

1.88 

2.50 

3.13 

3.75 

4.38 

5.00 

6.25 

7.50 

Wt 

.  1.46 

1.84 

2.19 

2.92 

3.65 

4.37 

5.10 

5.83 

7.29 

8.75 

2 

1.67 

2.11 

2.50 

3.33 

4.17 

5.00 

5., S3 

6.67 

8.33 

10.00 

2>4 

1.88 

2.37 

2.81 

3.75 

4.09 

5.63 

6.56 

7.50 

9.37 

11.25 

2^ 

2.08 

2.63 

3.12 

4.17 

5.21 

0.25 

7.29 

8.33 

10.42 

12.50 

2% 
3 

2.29 

2.89 

3.44 

4,59 

5.73 

6.87 

8.02 

9.17 

11.46 

13.75 

2. 50 

3.16 

3.75 

5.00 

6.25 

7.50 

8.75 

10.00 

12.50 

15.00 

^H 

2.70 

3.42 

4.06 

5.41 

6.77 

8.12 

9.47 

10.83 

13 .  65 

16.47 

3^ 

2.92 

3.68 

4.38 

5.83 

7.29 

8.75 

10.21 

11 .  67 

14.58 

17.. 50 

ZH 

3.11 

3.95 

4.58 

6.25 

7.80 

9.37 

10.93 

12.50 

15.75 

19.00 

4 

3 .  33 

4.21 

5.00 

6.67 

8,33 

10.00 

11.67 

13.33 

16.67 

20.00 

4}i 

3.75 

4.74 

5.63 

7.50 

9,38 

11.25 

13.13 

15.00 

18.75 

22 .  50 

5 

4.17 

5.26 

6.25 

8.34 

10.42 

12.50 

14.59 

16.67 

20.84 

25.00 

6 

5.00 

6.32 

7.50 

10.00 

12.50 

15.00 

17.50 

20.00 

25.01 

30.00 

7 

5.83 

7.29 

8.75 

11.67 

14 .  .58 

17. 50 

20.42 

23.33 

29.18 

35 .  00 

8 

6.67 

8.33 

10.00 

13.33 

16.67 

20.00 

23  33 

26.67 

33.35 

40.00 

!0 

8.33 

10.41 

12.50 

16.67 

20.83 

25.00 

29.17 

33 .  33 

41.63 

50.00 

12 

10.00 

12.50 

15.00 

20.00 

25.00 

30.00 

35.00 

40.00 

50.01 

60.00 

Weights  of  Iron  and  Steel 


BIRMINGHAM    GUAGE 

U.  S.  STANDARD  GUAGE 

No.  of 

Thick- 

Weight Sqi 

are  Foot 

Adopted  by  the  U.  S.  Government  July  1,  1893. 

Gauge. 

ness  in 
Inches 

Iron. 

Steel. 

0000 

000 

00 

0 

.454 
.425 
.38 
.34 

18.22 
17.05 
15.25 
13.64 

18.46 
17.28 
15.45 
13.82 

No.  of 
Gauge. 

Thickness  in 
Inches. 

Weight 

No.  of 
Gauge. 

Thickness  in 
Inches. 

Weight 

per 
Square 
Foot. 

Frac- 
tion. 

Deci- 
mals. 

Square 
Foot. 

Frac- 
tion. 

Deci- 
mals. 

1 
2 
3 
4 
5 

.3 

.284 
.259 
.238 
.22 

12.04 

11.40 

10.39 

9.55 

8.83 

12.20 
11.55 
10.53 
9.68 

8.95 

0000000 

H 

.5 

20.00 

12 

»> 

.109 

4.375 

6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 

.203 

.18 

.165 

.Its 

.134 

.12 

.109 

.095 

.083 

.072 

.005 

.0.58 

.049 

.  042 

.035 

.032 

.028 

.025 

.022 

8.15 
7  ''2 

8.25 
7.32 
6.71 
6.02 
5.45 
4.88 
4.43 
3.86 
3.37 
2.93 
2.64 
2.36 
1.99 
1.71 
1.42 
1.30 
1.14 
1.02 
.895 

000000 

00000 

0000 

000 

00 

0 

1 

2 
3 

4 

I 

7 
8 
9 
10 
11 

h'7 
hi 

i 

ki 

3S 

.468 

.437 

.406 

.375 

.343 

.312 

.281 

.265 

.25 

.234 

.2.8 

.203 

.187 

.171 

.1.56 

.140 

.125 

18.75 
17.50 
16.25 
15. 
13.75 
12.. 50 
11.25 
10.025 
10. 
9.375 
8.75 
8.125 
7.5 
6.875 
6.25 
5  625 
5. 

13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
IS 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
30 

4 

ISO 

T 
ISO 

t 

RO 

.093 

.078 

.070 

.062 

.056 

.05 

.043 

.0.37 

.034 

.031 

.028 

.025 

.021 

.018 

.017 

.015 

.012 

3.75 

3.125 

2.S125 

2.5 

2.25 

2. 

1.75 

1.50 

1.375 

1.25 

1.125 

1. 

.875 

.75 

.0875 

.625 

.5 

6.62 
5.94 
5.38 
4.82 
4.37 
3.81 
3.33 
2.89 
2.61 
2. 33 
1.97 
1.69 
1.40 
1.28 
1.12 
1.00 
.883 

'                   ' 

25 
26 

.02 
.018 

.803 
.722 

.813 

.732 

The  U 

.  S.  Standard  Gauge  is  the 

one  commonly  used  in  th 

e  United 

27 

.016 

.642 

.651 

States. 

28 
29 
30 

.014 
.013 
.012 

.562 

.569 

31 

.01 

102 


Weights  of  Round  and  Square  Steel  per  Lineal  Foot 

(Based  on  489.6  lbs.  per  cubic  foot). 


SIZE. 

Wt.  of 

Wt.  of 

SIZE. 

Wt.  of 

Wt.  of 

SIZE. 

Wt.  of 

Wt.  of 

SIZE. 

Wt.  of 

Wt.  of 

Inches. 

Round 

Square 

Inches. 

Round  Square 

Inches. 

Round 

Square 

Inches. 

Round 

Square 

1  ft.  Ig. 

Ift.lg.j 

1  ft.  Ig.  1  ft. Ig. 

1  ft.  Ig. 

1  ft.  Ig. 

1  ft.  Ig. 

1  ft. Ig. 

O     T^ 

.0026 

.0033 

2 

10.68 

13.60 

4 

42.73 

54.40 

6 

96.14 

122.4 

"   X, 

.0104 

.0133 

"   Ye 

11.36 

14.46 

"   Ye 

44.07 

56.11 

"   Xe 

98.14 

125.0 

"   Vs 

.0417 

.0531 

"    Vs 

12.06 

15.35 

"    Vs 

45.44 

57.85 

"  Vs 

100.2 

127.6 

"     ^6 

.0938 

.1195 

"  Ye 

12.78 

16.27 

"  Xe 

46  83 

59.62 

"  Ye 

102.2 

130.2 

"  H 

.1669 

.2123 

"  H 

13.52 

17.22 

"  H 

48.24 

61.41 

"  M 

104.3 

132.8 

"      ^6 

.2608 

.3333 

"   Ye 

14.28 

18.19 

"   .Ye 

49.66 

63.23 

"  x, 

106.4 

135.5 

"    Vs 

.3756 

.4782 

"  H 

15.07 

19.18 

"  Vs 

51.11 

65.08 

"  Vs 

108.5 

138.2 

"    .Ye 

.5111 

.6508 

"  Ye 

15.86 

20.20 

"  Ye 

52.58 

66.95 

"   Xe 

110.7 

140.9 

"   'A 

.6676 

.8.500 

"  y2 

16.69 

21.25 

"  ^ 

54.07 

68.85 

"    V2 

112.8 

143.6 

"    Ve 

.8449 

1.076 

"   Ye 

17..53 

22.33 

"   Ye 

55..59 

70.78 

"  Ye 

114.9 

146.5 

'■    Vs 

1.043 

1.328 

"  Vs 

18.40 

23.43 

'•  Vs 

57.12 

72.73 

"  Vs 

117.2 

149.2 

"    % 

1.262 

1.608 

"   % 

19.29 

24.56 

"  % 

58.67 

74.70 

"  % 

119.4 

152.1 

"   H 

1.502 

1.913 

"   H 

20.20 

25.00 

"  M 

60.25 

76.71 

"  H 

121.7 

154.9 

"  % 

1.763 

2.245 

"   % 

21.12 

26.90 

"   'Ye 

61.84 

78.74 

"  % 

123.9 

157.8 

"    Vs 

2.044 

2.603 

"   Vs 

22.07 

28.10 

"  Vs 

63.46 

80.81 

"  Vs 

126.2 

160.8 

"  % 

2.317 

2.989 

"  % 

23.04 

29.34 

"->^e 

65.10 

82.89 

"  % 

128.5 

163.6 

1 

2.670 

3.400 

3 

24.03 

30.60 

5 

66.76 

85.00 

7 

130.9 

166.6 

"   X, 

3.014 

3.838 

"   Ye 

25.04 

31.89 

"   Ye 

68.44 

87.14 

"   Vs 

135.6 

172.6 

"    Vs 

3.379 

4.303 

"  Vs 

26.08 

33.20 

"    Vs 

70.14 

89.30 

"  M 

140.4 

178.7 

"  % 

3.766 

4.795 

"  Ye 

27.13 

34.55 

"  Ye 

71.86 

91.49 

"  Vs 

145.3 

184.9 

"  J€ 

4.173 

5.312 

"  M 

28.20 

35.92 

"  H 

73.6(J 

93.72 

"    V2 

1.50.2 

191.3 

"  X, 

4.600 

5.857 

"   Ye 

29.30 

37.31 

"   Ye 

75.37 

95.96 

"  Vs 

1.55.2 

197.7 

"    Vs 

5.019 

6.428 

"  Vs 

.30.42 

38.73 

"  Vs 

77.15 

98.23 

"  H 

160.3 

204.2 

"    'A 

5.518 

7.026 

"  Ye 

31.56 

40.18 

"  J4  > 

78.95 

100.5 

"  Vs 

165.6 

210r8 

"   'A 

6.008 

7.650 

"  y2 

32.71 

41.65 

"    V2 

80.77 

102.8 

8 

171.0 

217.6 

"   % 

6.520 

8.301 

"  % 

33.90 

43.14 

"  Ye 

82.62 

105.2 

"   Vs 

176.3 

224.5 

"   Vs 

7.051 

8.978 

"  Vs 

35.09 

44.68 

"  Vs 

84.49 

107.6 

"  H 

181.8 

231.4 

"  % 

7.604 

9.682 

"  % 

36.31 

46.24 

"  % 

86.38 

110.0 

"  Vs 

187.3 

238.5 

"  H 

8.178 

10.41 

"  H 

37.56 

47.82 

"  H 

88.29 

112.4 

"    V2 

193.0 

245.6 

"  % 

8.773 

11.17 

"  % 

38.81 

49.42 

"  % 

90.22 

114.9 

"  Vs 

198.7 

252.9 

"  Vs 

9.388 

11.95 

"  Vs 

40.10 

51.05 

"  Vs 

92.17 

117.4 

"  H 

204.4 

260.3 

"  % 

10.02 

12.76 

"  % 

41.40 

52.71 

"  % 

94.14 

119.9 

•'  Vs 

210.3 

267.9 

These  figures  represent  the  theoretical  weights  of  steel.      Iron  will  run  about  2  per  cent  lighter. 

GENERAL  RULE. 

For  round  iron,  the  weight  per  foot  may  be  found  by  taking  the  diameter  in  quarter  inches, 
squaring  it,  and  dividing  by  6. 

Example.  Example. 

What  is  the  weight  of  2"  round  iron?  What  is  the  weight  of  Vt"  round  iron? 

2"  =8  quarter  inches.     8^=64.  ^"  =3  quarter  inches.     3»=9. 

V  =  lOf    lbs.  per  foot  of  2"  round.  f  =  IH  lbs.  per  foot  of  %"  round. 

The  above  rule  is  highly  convenient,  and  enables  mental  calculations  of  weight  to  be  made 
quickly  and  accurately. 

103 


Workshop  Recipes 

BRAZING. — The  edges  filed  or  scraped  clean  and  bright,  covered  with  spelter  and  powdered 
borax,  and  exposed  in  a  clear  fire  to  a  heat  sufficient  to  melt  the  solder. 

CASE  HARDENING  WITH  PRUSSIATE  OF  POTASH.— Heat  the  articles,  after  ijolishing, 
to  a  bright  red,  rub  the  surface  over  with  prussiate  of  potash,  allow  it  to  cool  to  a  dull  red,  and 
immerse  it  in  water. 

CASE  HARDENING  MIXTURES.— Three  parts  of  prussiate  of  potash  to  one  part  of  sal 
ammoniac,  mixed;  or  two  parts  of  sal  ammoniac,  two  parts  of  bone  dust,  and  one  part  of 
prussiate  of  potash. 

MIXTURE  FOR  WELDING  STEEL.— One  part  of  sal  ammoniac  and  ten  parts  of  borax 
pounded  together  and  fused  until  clear,  when  it  is  poured  out,  and  when  cool  reduced  to 
powder. 

TEMPERING  STEEL. — Steel  in  its  hardest  state  being  too  brittle  for  most  purposes,  the  requisite 
strength  and  elasticity  are  obtained  by  tempering — or  letting  down  the  temper,  as  it  is 
termed — which  is  performed  by  heating  the  hardened  steel  to  a  certain  degree  and  cooling 
it  quickly.  The  reciuisite  heat  is  usually  ascertained  by  the  color  which  the  surface  of  the 
steel  assumes  from  the  film  of  oxide  thus  formed.  The  degrees  of  heat  to  which  these  several 
colors  correspond  are  as  follows: 

At  430,  a  very  faint  yellow.     At  450,  a  pale  straw  color. 

Suitable  for  hard  instruments;  as  hammer  faces,  drills,  etc. 

At  470,  a  full  yellow.     At  490,  a  brown  color. 

For  instruments  requiring  hard  edges  without  elasticity;  as  shears,  scissors,  turning 
tools,  etc. 

At  510,  brown,  with  purple  spots.     At  538,  purple. 

For  tools,  for  cutting  wood  and  soft  metals;  such  as  plane-irons,  knives,  etc. 

At  550,  dark  blue.     At  560,  full  blue. 

For  tools  requiring  strong  edges  without  extreme  hardness;  as  cold  chisels,  axes,  cutlery, 
etc. 

At  600,  grayish  blue,  verging  on  black. 

For  spring  temper,  which  will  bend  before  breaking;  as  saws,  sword  blades,  etc. 

If  the  steel  is  heated  higher  than  this,  the  effect  of  the  hardening  process  is  destroyed. 

ANNEALING  STEEL. — For  small  pieces  of  steel,  take  a  piece  of  gas-pipe  two  or  three  inches  in 
diameter,  and  put  the  pieces  in  it,  first  heating  one  end  of  the  pipe,  and  drawing  it  together, 
leaving  the  other  end  open  to  look  into.  When  the  pieces  are  of  a  cherry  red,  cover  the  fire 
with  sawdust,  use  a  charcoal  fire,  and  leave  the  steel  in  over  night. 

TO  RENEW  WORN  FILES.— Thoroughly  cleanse  them  from  grease  or  oil  with  alkali,  then  dip 
them  in  a  solution  made  with  one  part  nitric  acid,  three  parts  sulphuric  acid,  seven  parts 
water  by  weight;  time,  five  seconds  to  five  minutes,  according  to  fineness  of  cut.  Wash  in 
hot  water,  dip  in  lime  water,  dry  and  oil  them. 

Specially  Useful  to  Engineers  in  the  Mining  Districts. 

CEMENT  FOR  CAST  IRON. — Two  ounces  sal  ammoniac,  one  ounce  sulphur  and  sixteen  ounces 
of  borings  or  filings  of  cast  iron,  to  be  mixed  well  in  a  m.ortar  and  kept  dry.  When  required 
for  use,  take  one  part  of  this  powder  to  twenty  parts  of  clear  iron  borings  or  filings,  mix 

105 


Workshop  Recipes 

(.Continued) 

thoroughly  in  a  mortar;  make  the  mixture  into  a  stiff  paste  with  a  little  water,  and  then  it  is 
ready  for  use.     A  little  fine  grindstone  sand  improves  the  cement. 

RED  LEAD  CEMENT  FOR  FACE  JOINTS.— Equal  parts  of  white  and  red  lead  mixed  with 
linseed  oil  to  the  consistency. 

CEMENT — STEAM  BOILER. — Litharge  in  fine  powder  two  parts,  very  fine  sand  and  quicklime 
(that  has  been  allowed  to  slack  spontaneously  in  a  damp  place),  of  each  one  part;  mix,  and 
keep  it  from  the  air. 

Used  to  mend  cracks  in  boilers  and  to  secure  steam  joints. 
It  is  made  into  a  paste  with  boiled  oil  before  application. 

CEMENT — STEAM  PIPE. — Good  linseed-oil  varnish  is  ground  with  equal  weights  of  white 
lead,  oxide  of  manganese  and  pipe  clay. 

CEMENT — HYDRAULIC. — Made  by  slaking  lime  with  water  containing  about  two  per  cent, 
of  gypsum  and  adding  a  little  sand  to  the  product. 

The  presence  of  the  gypsum  tends  to  delay  the  slaking  of  the  lime,  and  also  to  harden 
the  substance  formed  after  the  slaking. 

CEMENT — CUTLERS'. — Black  resin  four  parts,  beeswax  one  part,  finely  powdered  brickdust 
one  part;  mix  well.     Used  to  fix  tools  into  their  handles. 

CEMENT — LEATHER. — Gutta-percha  one  pound,  caoutchouc  four  ounces,  pitch  two  ounces, 
shellac  one  ounce,  linseed  oil  two  ounces,  melted  together;  must  be  melted  before  being 
applied. 

Used  for  uniting  leather  or  rubber. 

SOLDERS. — For  Lead,  one  of  tin  and  one  and  one-half  of  lead. 
For  Tin,  one  of  tin,  and  two  of  lead. 
For  Pewter,  two  of  tin  and  one  of  lead. 
For  Brazing  (hardest),  three  of  copper  and  one  of  zinc. 
For  Brazing  (hard),  one  of  copper  and  one  of  zinc. 

For  Brazing  (soft),  one  of  tin,  four  of  copper  and  three  of  zinc;  or  two  of  tin  and  one  of 
antimony. 

FLUXES  FOR  SOLDERING  OR  WELDING.— For  Iron  or  Steel,  borax  or  sal  ammoniac. 
For  Tinned  Iron,  resin  or  chloride  of  zinc. 
For  Copper  and  Brass,  sal  ammoniac  or  chloride  of  zinc. 
For  Zinc,  chloride  of  zinc. 
For  Lead,  tallow  or  resin. 
For  Lead  and  Tin  Pipes,  resin  and  sweet  oil. 

To  HARDEN  CAST  IRON. — Many  times  it  is  very  convenient  to  make  an  article  of  cast  iron 
that  needs  to  be  finished,  and  which  should  be  very  hard.  Cast  iron  can  be  hardened  as 
easily  as  steel,  and  to  such  a  degree  of  hardness  that  a  file  will  not  touch  it.  Take  one-half 
pint  of  vitriol,  one  peck  of  common  salt,  one-half  pound  of  saltpeter,  two  pounds  of  alum, 
one-quarter  pound  prussic  potash,  one-quarter  pound  cyanide  of  potash,  all  to  be  dissolved 
in  ten  gallons  of  soft  water.  Be  sure  that  all  the  articles  are  dissolved.  Heat  the  iron  to  a 
cherry  red  and  dip  it  in  the  solution.  If  the  article  needs  to  be  very  hard,  heat  and  dip  the 
second  time,  and  even  the  third  time. 

106 


Workshop  Recipes 

{Continued) 

TO  INSCRIBE  METAL. — Cover  the  part  with  melted  beeswax;  when  cold,  write  what  you  desire 
plainly  in  the  wax  clean  to  the  metal  with  scriber,  then  apply  a  mixture  of  3  2  oz.  nitric  acid, 
1  oz.  muriatic  acid,  with  a  feather,  carefully  fdl  each  letter;  let  it  remain  from  one  to  ten 
minuces,  according  to  appearance  desired,  then  throw  on  water  to  stop  the  process  of  cutting, 
heat  wax  to  remove  it,  and  you  have  your  inscription. 

TO  KEEP  MACHINERY  FROM  RUSTING.— Take  one  ounce  of  camphor  and  dissolve  it  in 
one  pound  of  melted  lard;  take  off  the  scum,  amd  mix  in  as  much  fine  black  as  will  give  it 
iron  color.  Clean  the  machinery  and  smear  it  with  the  mixture.  After  twenty-four  hours 
rub  clean  with  a  soft  linen  cloth.     It  will  keep  clean  for  months  under  ordinary  circumstances. 

TO  REMOVE  RUST  FROM  STEEL.— Steel  which  has  been  rusted  can  be  cleaned  by  brushing 
with  a  paste  compound  of  H  oz.  cyanide  potassium,  J-2  oz.  castile  soap,  1  oz.  whiting,  and 
water  sufficient  to  form  a  paste.  The  steel  should  be  washed  with  a  solution  of  J^  oz.  cyanide 
potassium  in  2  oz.  water. 

RUST  JOINT,  QUICK  SETTING.— Take  flour  of  sulphur,  two  pounds,  powdered  sal  ammoniac 
one  pound,  iron  filings  eighty  pounds;  mix  to  a  paste  with  water. 

RUST  JOINT,  SLOW  SETTING.— Take  flour  of  sulphur  one  pound,  powdered  sal  ammoniac 
two  pounds,  iron  filings  or  borings,  two  hundred  pounds.  This  is  much  the  better  joint, 
if  time  can  be  given  to  set. 


HOW  TO   MIX   PAINTS   FOR   TINTS. 

xing  Red  and  Black  makes Brown 

xing  Lake  and  White  makes Rose 

xing  White  and  Brown  makes Chestnut 

xing  White,  Blue  and  Lake  makes Purple 

xing  Blue  and  Lead  Color  makes Pearl 

xing  White  and  Carmine  makes Pink 

xing  Indigo  and  Lamp-Black  makes Silver  Gray 

xing  White  and  Lamp-Black  makes Lead  Color 

xing  Black  and  Venetian  Red  makes Chocolate 

xing  White  and  Green  makes Bright  Green 

xing  Pur{)le  and  White  makes French  White 

xing  Light  Green  and  Black  makes Dark  Green 

xing  White  and  Greer   makes Pea  Green 

xing  White  and  Emerald  Green  makes Brilliant  Green 

xing  P.ed  and  Yellow  makes Orange 

xing  White  and  Yellow  makes Straw  Color 

.xing  White,  Blue  and  Black  makes. Pearl  Gray 

xing  White,  Lake  and  Vermilion  makes Flesh  Color 

xing  Umber,  White  and  Venetian  Red  makes Drab 

xing  White,  Yellow  and  Venetian  Red  makes Cream 

xing  Red,  Blue,  Black  and  Red  makes Olive 

xing  Yellow,  White  and  a  little  Venetian  Red  makes Buflf 

107 


Approximate  Cost  of  Erecting  Mill  Buildings 
Exclusive  of  Power  House 


FREE  MILLING 


5  STAMPS 


WITH   CONCENTRATORS 


Lumber,  32  M.  ft.  at  $25.00 $800.00 

Labor,  at  $25.00  per  M.  ft 800.00 


Labor,  setting  machinery. 
Shingle  roof* , 
Hardware.  .  . 
Windows,  12 . 


156.00 

105.00 

45,00 

53.00 


$1,959.00 


Lumber,  38  M.  ft.  at  $25 .  00 $950 .  00 

Labor,  at  $25 . 00  per  M.  ft 950 . 00 


Labor,  setting  machinery. 
Shingle  roof* . 
Hardware.  .  . 
Windows,  18. 


187.00 

204.00 

60.00 

80.00 


$2,431.00 


10  STAMPS 


Lumber,  52  M.  ft.  at  $25.00 $1,300.00 

Labor,  ar  $25 .  00  per  M .  ft 1 ,300 . 00 

Labor,  setting  machinery 315.00 

Shingle  roof* 145.00 

Hardware 62.00 

Windows,  16 71.00 


$3,193.00 


Lumber,  60  M.  ft.  at  $25.00 $1,500.00 

Labor,  at  $25 . 00  per  M.  ft 1 ,500 . 00 

Labor,  setting  machinery 375.00 

Shingle  roof* 250.00 

Hardware 95  00 

Windows,  20 88 .  00 


$3,808.00 


20   STAMPS 


Lumber,  63  M.  ft.  at  $25.00 $1,575.00 

Labor,  at  $25 . 00  per  M.  ft 1,575 . 00 

Labor,  setting  machinery 470.00 

Shingle  roof*. 250.00 

Hardware 77.00 

Windows,  20 88.00 


$4,035.00 


Lumber,  85  M.  ft  at  $25.00. ..:...  $2,125.00 

Labor,  at  $25 .  00  per  M.  ft 2,125 .  00 

Labor,  setting  machinery 562.00 

Shingle  roof* 440.00 

Hardware 255.00 

Windows,  26 115. 00 


$5,622.00 


30   STAMPS 


Lumber,  90  M.  ft.  at  $25.00 $2,250.00 

Labor,  at  $25.00  per  M.  ft 2,250.00 

Labor,  setting  machinery 550 .  00 

Shingle  roof* 330.00 

Hardware 220.00 

Windows,  24 106.00 


Lumber,  106  M.  ft.  at  $25.00 $2,650,00 

Labor,  at  $25 .  00  per  M .  ft 2,650 .  00 

Labor,  setting  machinery 750.00 

Shingle  roof*"^, .' 605 .  00 

Hardware 320.00 

Windows,  30 132.00 


),706.00  • 


M07.00 


40   STAMPS 


Lumber,  108  M.  ft.  at  $25.00 $2,700.00 

Labor,  at  $25 .  00  per  M .  ft 2,700 .  00 

Labor,  setting  machinery 715.00 

Shingle  roof* 430.00 

Hardware 319.00 

Windows,  28 125.00 


Lumber,  130  M.  ft.  at  $25.00 $3,250.00 

Labor,  at  $25.00  per  M.  ft $3,250.00 

Labor,  setting  machinery 875. (X) 

Sningle  roof* 770.00 

Hardware 390.00 

Windows,  34 150.00 


$6,989.00 
Add  20  per  cent,  to  roof  item  for  No.  26  corrugated  iron  roofing. 

108 


$8,685.00 


Amount  of  Material  Required  for  Buildings 

SHINGLES.— 250  to  1  bundle.  4  bundles  =  1,000  shingles,  will  cover  100  sq.  ft.  of  surface, 
laid  4"  to  the  weather.  r  ^o,,    ,  •     i         -n 

1  bundle  of  16"  shingles  will  cover  30  sq.  ft.,  while  the  same  number  of  IS  shmgles  will 
cover  33  sq.  ft.  when  laid  5H"  to  the  weather. 

LATH. — 1,000  laths  will  cover   70  sq.  yds.  of  surface. 

SHAKES.— 1,000  shakes,  6"x36",  laid  16 "  to  the  weather,  will  cover  650  sq.  ft.  of  surface; 
add  for  doubling  top  and  bottom  courses  one  extra  shake  for  each  ft.  in  the  length  of  roof. 

CORRUG.\TED  GALVANIZED  ROOFING.— Size  of  sheets,  26  inches  by  from  6  to  10 
ft.  flat  steel,  made  corrugated  with  corrugations  about  1"  in  depth  and  5"  between  centers  of 
corrugations,  laying  24"  wide,  with  from  3"  to  6"  lap,  according  to  pitch  of  roof,  weigh  about 
one-third  more  than  flat  sheets  of  same  area. 

For  roofing.  No.  24  is  more  generally  used,  while  No.  26  is  used  for  siding.  Tack  with  wire 
nails  on  ends  only  and  lap  one  corrugation  on  sides  and  from  one  to  two  inches  on  ends.  The 
nail  heads  are  sometimes  soldered  to  assure  absolute  impermeability.  The  usual  method,  how- 
ever, is  to  place  lead  washers  under  the  heads. 

LUMBER. — When  computing  the  amount  of  material  required  to  cover  a  specified  area,  add 
to  the  area: 

For  l"x6"  tongue  and  groove,  20%. 
"     l"x4"        ~"         "         "      25%. 
"     l"x4"        "         "         "      kiln  dried,  30%. 
"     rustic,  25%. 
NAILS.— For  1,000  shingles  allow  4  lbs.  of  4d  nails  or  3H  lbs.  of  3d  nails. 
For  1,000  lath  allow  6  lbs.  3d  fine  nails. 

1,000  ft.  of  clapboarding  allow  18  lbs.  of  6d  box  nails. 
1,000  ft.  of  board  siding  allow  20  lbs.  8d  or  25  lbs.  lOd  common  nails. 
10  ft.  of  partition  studding  allow  1  lb.  of  lOd  common  nails. 
1,000  ft.  of  l"x3"  flooring  allow  45  lbs.  lOd  common  nails. 
1,000  ft.  of  1'  x2"  flooring  allow  65  lbs.  lOd  common  nails. 
1,000  ft.  of  pine  finish  allow  30  lbs.  of  8d  wire  nails. 
BRICK. — A    43/2"  wall  requires   7  brick  per  sq.  ft.  of  surface 
9"         "  "       14       "       "       "       " 

13"         "  "       20       "       ' 

18"         "  "       26^^  "       "       "       " 

21"        "  "      33       "       "       "       " 

27"        "      _     "      39^  "       "       "       " 
The  weight  of  brickwork  is  112  pounds  per  cu.  ft. 
Laid  brick  will  crush  at  500  lbs.  per  sq.  in.  or  at  72,000  lbs.  per  sq.  ft. 
Fire  brick  weighs  150  lbs.  per  cu.  ft. 
Cement  concrete  weighs  140  lbs.  per  cu.  ft. 

A  bricklayer  should  average  1,.500  bricks  in  8  hours,  and  2,000  to  2,400  when  starting  wall 
before  staging  or  ladder  is  used.     Staging  is  used  above  4  ft. 

Brick  at  $10.00  and  labor  at  ?7.50  per  1,000  should  be  considered  good  work. 

CONCRETE.  Formula  No.  1. 

For  retaining   walls  and   machinery   foundations. 
60  cu.  ft.  of  rock  that  will  pass  a  3-inch  mesh  screen. 
20  cu.  ft.  of  clean,  sharp,  coarse  sarid. 
V         10  cu.  ft.  of  Portland  cement. 

Formula  No.  2. 
For  concrete  mortar  blocks  for  stamp  batteries. 
52  cu.  ft.  of  rock. 
32  cu.  ft.  of  sand. 
16  cu.  ft.  of  cement. 
If  broken  rock  is  not  available,  clean  creek  gravel  of  the  same  size  may  be  substituted,  but 
in  no  case  use  clay,  loam  or  very  fine  sand. 

Mix  all  together  dry.  When  required  for  use,  mix  small  quantities  with  sufficient  water  to 
make  a  thick  mortar,  use  immediately  and  tamp  with  a  tamping  bar. 

Concrete  will  set  sufficiently  in  24  hours  to  sustain  a  load,  and  in  from  three  to  four  days  in 
medium  dry  weather  machinery  may  be  run  on  the  foundations. 

109 


Water  and  Pumping 

A  United  States  gallon  of  fresh  water  weighs  8.33  pounds  and  contains  231  cubic  inches. 

A  cubic  foot  of  water  weighs  62.4  pounds  and  contains  1728  cubic  inches,  or  7.5  gallons. 

A  British  Imperial  gallon  contains  277.27  cubic  inches,  which  is  equivalent  to  1.20  United 
States  gallons,  or  10  pounds  in  weight. 

The  normal  pressure  of  the  atmosphere  is  14.7  pounds  per  square  inch;  it  is  equal  to  a  column 
of  water  34  feet  high,  though  20  feet  is  the  greatest  suction  lift  it  is  advisable  to  use. 

To  find  the  pressure  in  pounds  per  square  inch  of  a  column  of  water,  multiply  the  height  of 
the  column  in  feet  by  .434.     To  find  the  head  in  feet,  multiply  the  pressure  in  pounds  by  2.31. 

The  term  "head"  in  connection  with  pumps  is  understood  to  be  the  sum  of  the  actual  eleva- 
tion and  the  friction  head.  The  elevation,  or  lift,  is  the  vertical  distance  from  the  surface  of 
the  suction  water  to  the  center  of  the  discharge  outlet. 

Friction  is  that  due  to  the  passage  of  water  through  the  suction  and  discharge  pipes. 

In  practice,  the  size  of  the  suction  and  discharge  pipes  is  usually  larger  than  the  openings  in 
the  pump.  This  is  especially  desirable  when  the  pipe  is  of  any  length.  The  friction  head  may  be 
greater  than  the  actual  elevation,  and  the  cost  of  the  increased  pipe  size  will  be  saved  in  a  short 
time  by  the  difference  in  horse-power.  The  friction  increases  with  the  velocity,  and  users  are 
reminded  that  rather  than  to  run  the  pump  considerably  above  its  capacity,  it  is  better  to  install 
a  larger  pump  and  pipe  line. 

Doubling  the  diameter  of  a  pipe  increases  its  capacity  four  times.  Friction  of  liquids  in 
pipes  increases  as  the  square  of  the  velocity. 

To  find  the  diameter  of  a  pump  cylinder  to  move  a  given  quantity  of  water  per  minute  (100 
feet  of  piston  being  the  standard  of  speed),  divide  the  number  of  gallons  by  4,  then  extract  the 
square  root,  and  the  product  will  be  the  diameter  in  inches  of  the  pump  cylinder. 

To  find  quantity  of  water  elevated  in  one  minute,  running  at  100  feet  of  piston  speed  per 
minute.     Square  the  diameter  of  the  water  cylinder  in  inches  and  multiply  by  4. 

Example — Capacity  of  a  5  inch  cylinder  is  desired.  The  square  of  the  diameter  (5  inches) 
is  25,  which,  multiplied  by  4,  gives  100,  the  number  of  gallons  per  minute  (approximately). 

To  find  the  horsepower  necessary  to  elevate  water  to  a  given  height,  multiply  the  weight  of 
the  water  elevated  per  minute  in  pounds  by  the  height  in  feet,  and  divide  the  product  by  33,000, 
(an  allowance  should  be  added  for  water  friction,  and  a  further  allowance  for  loss  in  steam  cylinder, 
say  fronv20  to  30  per  cent). 

The  area  of  the  steam  piston,  multiplied  by  the  steam  pressure,  gives  the  total  amount  of 
pressure  that  can  be  exerted.  The  area  of  the  water  piston,  multiplied  by  the  pressure  of  water 
per  square  inch,  gives  the  resistance.  A  margin  must  be  made  between  the  power  and  the  resis- 
tance to  move  the  pistons  at  the  required  speed,  say  from  20  to  40  per  cent.,  according  to  speed  and 
other  conditions. 

Quantity  of  water  in  gallons  per  minute  and  velocity  of  flow  in  feet  per  second  being  given  to 
find  area  of  pipe  in  square  inches,  multiply  quantity  by  231  and  divide  by  velocity  multiplied  by 
720.  Area  of  pipe  and  velocity  being  given,  to  find  quantity  delivered,  multiply  area  of  pipe  by 
velocity  and  by  720,  and  divide  product  by  231. 

A  "miners  inch"  of  water  in  California  is  regulated  by  law  and  is  equal  to  a  flow  of  one  and 
one-half  cubic  feet  of  water  per  minute  through  any  opening  and  under  any  pressure. 

110 


standard  Dimensions  of  Wrought-Iron  Pipe 
for  Water,  Gas  or  Steam 


Diameter 

Diameter 

Nominal 

Actual 

Actual 

at  Bottom 

at  Top 

Number 

Length 

Weight 

Contents  in 

Size. 

Inside 

Outside 

of  Thread  atlof  Thread  at 

of  Threads 

of  Perfect 

per  Foot 

U.S.  Gallons 

Diameter. 

Diameter. 

End  of  Pipe 

End  of  Pipe 

per  Inch. 

Screw. 

of  Length. 

per  Foot. 

Inch. 

Inch. 

Inch. 

Inch. 

Inch. 

Inch. 

Lks. 

y^ 

.270 

.405 

.3.34 

.393 

27 

.19 

.241 

.0006 

Va 

.364 

.540 

.433 

..522 

18 

.29 

.420 

.0026 

% 

.494 

.675 

.567 

.656 

18 

.30 

.559 

.0057 

H 

.623 

.840 

.701 

.815 

14 

.39 

.837 

.0102 

H 

.824 

1.050 

.911 

1.025 

14 

.40 

1 . 1 15 

.02.30 

1 

1.048 

1.315 

1.144 

1.2S3 

111^ 

.51 

1.668 

.0408 

ni 

1.380 

1.660 

1.488 

1.627 

111^ 

.54 

2.244 

.0638 

m 

1.610 

1.900 

1.727 

1.866 

IIH 

.55 

2.678 

.0918 

2 

2.067 

2.375 

2.200 

2.339 

n}4 

.58 

3.609 

.1632 

2H 

2.468 

2.875 

2.620 

2.820 

8 

.89 

5.739 

.2560 

3 

3.067 

3.500 

3.241 

3.441 

8 

.95 

7.5.36 

.3673 

3}^ 

3.548 

4.000 

3.7.38 

3  938 

8 

1.00 

9.001 

.4998 

4 

4.026 

4.500 

4.235 

4.435 

8 

1.05 

10.665 

.6528 

4.H 

4.508 

5.000 

4.732 

4 .  932 

8 

1.10 

12.490 

.8263 

5 

5.045 

5.. 563 

5.291 

5.491 

8 

1.16 

14., 502 

1.020 

6 

6.065 

6.625 

6.346 

6.546 

8 

1.26 

18.762 

1.469 

7 

7.023 

7.625 

7.340 

7.540 

8 

1.36 

23.271 

1.999 

8 

7.982 

8.625 

8.334 

8.534 

8 

1.46 

28.177 

2.611 

9 

9.000 

9.625 

9.327 

9.527 

8 

1.57 

33.701 

3.300 

10 

10.019 

10.750 

10.445 

10.645 

8 

1.68 

40.065 

4.081 

12 

12.000 

12.750 

12.431 

12.631 

8 

1.87 

48.985 

5.875 

l}i  inch  and  below  are  butt-welded  and  tested  to  300  lbs.  per  sq.  ip. 
IH  inch  and  above  are  lap-welded  and  tested  to  500  lbs.  per  sq.  in. 


Light  Wrought-Iron  Artesian, 

Salt,  Oil  and  Gas  Well  Casing 

Nominal 

Actual 

Nominal 

Nominal 

Actual 

Nominal 

Inside 

Outside 

Weight  per 

No.  Threads 

Inside 

Outside 

Weight  per 

No.  Threads 

Diameter. 

Diameter. 

Foot. 

per  Inch 

Diameter. 

Diameter. 

Foot. 

per   Inch 

Inches. 

Inches. 

Pounds. 

of  Screw. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

Pounds. 

of  Screw. 

2 

2H 

2.22 

14 

5^ 

6 

10  46 

14 

2H 

2^ 

2.82 

14 

5^ 

6 

12.04 

113^ 

23^ 

2H 

3.13 

14 

5^ 

6 

14.20 

iiH 

2H 

3 

3.45 

14 

5ys 

6 

16.70 

113^ 

3 

3H 

4.10 

14 

6M 

6^ 

11.. 58 

14 

3M 

S'A 

4.45 

14 

63€ 

6^ 

13.32 

14  and  113^2 

3^ 

3M 

4.78 

14 

6M 

65^ 

17.02 

nvo 

SH 

4 

5.56 

14 

6^ 

7 

12.34 

14 

4 

4M 

6.00 

14 

m 

7 

17.51 

lli'^andlO 

4^ 

4^ 

6.36 

14 

7H 

7^ 

13.55 

14 

4M 

4K 

9.38 

14 

1% 

8 

15.41 

IIH 

4J^ 

m 

6.73 

14 

1H 

8 

20.17 

113^ 

41^ 

m 

9.39 

14 

8M 

8^ 

16.07 

11^ 

4^ 

5 

7.80 

14 

834 

8^ 

20.10 

nVo 

5 

^H 

8,20 

14 

8^ 

8^ 

24.38 

113^  and  8 

5 

5H 

9.86 

14 

9>% 

9 

17.60 

11^ 

5 

5H 

12.80 

nH 

9^ 

10 

21.90 

113^ 

5 

5H 

15.88 

iiH 

10^^ 

11 

26.72 

11 3-^ 

5% 

53^ 

8.62 

14 

11^ 

12 

30.35 

113^ 

5V6 

5V2 

12.49 

11^ 

12H 

13 

33 .  78 

113^ 

111 


Horse  Power  or  Capacity  of  Boilers 

Steam  Boilers  are  nearly  always  rated  and  sold  on  the  basis  of  a  certain  number  of  square 
feet  of  heating  surface.  The  basis  of  the  rating  heating  surface  varies,  however,  so  much  by 
different  builders,  that  it  is  a  very  unsatisfactory  method  of  rating.  For  instance  Boilers  arc 
rated : 

Return  Tabular  at  from  12  to  15  square  feet  for  each  horse  power. 

Portable  Locomotive  and  Vertical  Boilers  on  from  9  to  11  square  feet. 

Water  Tube  and  Scotch  Marine  Boilers  on  from  7^2  to  10  square  feet. 

The  Centennial  Rating  of  boiler  capacity  Is  the  most  practical  and  satisfactory.  It  provides 
for  the  evaporation  or  turning  into  steam  of  30  pounds  of  water  for  each  horse  power  per  hour. 
This  is  a  moderate  rating,  and  any  boiler  that  is  not  capable  of  evaporating  that  amount  of  water 
for  each  horse-power  of  its  rated  capacity  and  without  forcing  the  firing  or  draft,  must  be  in  bad 
condition  or  over-rated.  The  safest  method  for  all  purchasers,  will  be  to  first  ascertain  the  number 
of  horse-power  of  work  required  from  the  engines  for  which  the  boiler  is  to  be  provided  and  then 
calculate  the  amount  of  steam  the  engine  or  engines  will  consume  in  developing  that  amount  of 
power.  By  dividing  by  30  they  will  arrive  at  the  horse-power  of  boiler  required  to  supply  the 
engines. 

Amount  of  Steam  Required  by  Various  Engines 

The  following  allowance  of  pounds  of  water  or  steam  for  each  indicated  horse-power  for 
engines  of  different  kinds,  will  be  found  a  safe  calculation: 

Triple  Expansion  (Condensing)  Engines 15  pounds 

Triple  Expansion  (Non-Condensing)  Engines 20 

Compound  Condensing  Corliss  Engines 18 

Compound  Non-Condensing  Corliss  Engines 22 

Simple  or  Single  Corliss  Engine  (Condensing) 23 

Simple  or  Single  Corliss  Engine  (Non-Condensing) 25 

Automatic  Compound  Condensing  Engines 23 

Automatic  Compound  Engine  (Non-Condensing) 30 

High-Speed  Automatic  Engines 33 

Side  Valve  Engines  with  Adjustable  Cut-off 35 

Plain  Slide  Valve  Engines 40 

Steam  Pumps  (Compound  Condensing) 40 

Steam  Pumps  (Compound  Non-Condensing) 60 

Steam  Pumps,  Single  or  Duplex 75 


Water  Consumption  of  Boilers 

From  the  foregoing,  it  is  evident  that  to  arrive  at  the  amount  of  water  required  by  a  boiler, 
it  is  only  a  matter  of  multiplying  its  horse-power  by  30  pounds  of  water  per  hour.  In  some  cases, 
an  allowance  of  as  much  as  60  pounds  or  7?/^  gallons  of  water  per  horse-power  of  boilers  is  allowed, 
but  this  is  excessive,  and  a  boiler  should  not  be  expected  to  evaporate  more  than  30  to  40  pounds 
of  water  per  horse-power  per  hour,  except  under  stress. 

112 


Fuel  Consumption  of  Boilers 

Provided  that  feed  water  is  delivered  to  a  boiler  as  hot  as  it  can  be  made  with  exhaust  steam, 
that  is  at  200°  F.,  a  good  boiler  with  ample  draft  and  grate  surface  and  carefully  fired  should  be 
capable  of  evaporating  from  8  to  10  pounds  of  water  for  each  pound  of  good  coal. 

In  practice,  however,  the  question  of  water  evaporated  for  each  pound  of  coal  varies  between 
6  and  8  pounds  of  water  and  in  many  larger  plants  where  mine  slack  is  used,  the  evaporation  of 
water,  is  between  6  and  7  pounds. 

The  average  consumption  of  coal  for  steam  boilers  is  12  lbs.  per  hour  for  each  square  foot  of 
grate  surface. 

To  evaporate  one  cubic  foot  of  water  requires  the  consumption  of  7^  ll-'s.  of  ordinary  coal, 
or  about  1  lb.  of  coal  to  1  gallon  of  water. 

One  pound  of  crude  petroleum  will  evaporate  12  to  16  lbs.  of  water. 

One  pound  of  natural  gas  (25  cubic  feet)  will  evaporate  about  20  lbs.  of  water.  One  ton  of 
coal  is  equal  to  about  22,450  cubic  feet  natural  gas.     (Atmospheric  pressure). 

One  ton  of  coal  is' equal  to  3.V^  to  4  barrels  of  petroleum. 

One  ton  of  coal  is  equal  to  one  cord  of  hickory. 

One  ton  of  coal  is  equal  to  IJ/^  cords  of  white  oak. 

One  ton  of  coal  is  equal  to  IJ^  cords  of.  black  oak. 

One  ton  of  coal  is  equal  to  2  cords  of  pine. 

One  cubic  foot  of  anthracite  coal  weighs  about  53  pounds. 

One  cubic  foot  of  bituminous  coal  weighs  from  47  to  50  pounds. 

Safety  Valve  Rules 

To  find  the  distance,  ball  should  be  placed  on  lever  when  the  weight  is  known,  or  to  find 
weight  when  distance  is  known: 

Multiply  the  pressure  required  by  area  of  valve,  then  multiply  this  answer  by  the  fulcrum, 
subtract  the  weight  of  the  lever,  valve  and  stem,  and  divide  by  the  weight  of  the  ball  for  distance; 
or  divide  by  distance  for  the  weight  of  the  ball  with  the  same  example. 

To  find  the  pressure  when  the  area  of  the  valve,-  the  weight  of  lever  valve  and  stem,  the 
fulcrum  and  the  weight  of  ball  is  known: 

Divide  fulcrum  into  length  of  lever,  multiply  the  answer  by  weight  of  ball,  add  weight  of 
lever,  valve  and  stem,  and  divide  by  area  of  valve;  the  answer  will  be  the  steam  pressure. 

The  mean  effective  weight  of  valve  lever  and  stem  is  found  by  connecting  the  lever  at  fulcrum, 
tie  the  valve  stem  to  leve.",  attach  a  spring  scale  to  lever  immediately  over  the  valve,  and  raise 
until  the  valve  is  clear  of  its  seat. 

By  the  fulcrum  is  meant  the  distance  the  valve  stem  is  from  where  the  lever  is  connected. 

Safety  valves  should  be  allowed  to  blow  straight  out  into  the  room  and  not  hitched  on  to  a 
leading  pipe  which  may  allow  water  to  stand  on  the  valve,  increasing  its  weight,  or  to  freeze  up  if 
the  boiler  is  laid  up.  When  the  valve  blows  into  the  room  it  will  be  known  when  steam  is  escaping, 
whether  from  leakage  or  over  pressure. 

Don't  depend  too  much  upon  the  glass  gauge,  but  try  the  cocks  often  enough  to  keep  your 
hand  in,  in  telling  the  height  of  water  by  them.  If  a  gauge  cock  has  a  tendency  to  leak,  fix  it 
thoroughly;  if  you  do  not,  you  will  neglect  to  use  it  for  fear  of  the  work  which  you  may  have,  to 
stop  the  leak  after  using. 

To  determine  the  heating  surface  in  the  Tubes  of  any  Boiler  multiply  the  number  of  feet  of 
Tubes  by  .523  for  2  inch;  by  .654  for  2^2  inch;  by  .785  for  3  inch;  b"  .916  for  3J^  inch,  and  by 
1.047  for  4  inch. 

113 


Horse  Power 

A  Standard  Engine  Horse  Power  is  33,000  foot-pounds  per  minute — that  is  33,000  pounds 
raised  one  foot  in  one  minute,  or  3,300  pounds  raised  ten  feet,  or  330  pounds  raised  one  hundred 
feet,  and  so  on. 

To  calculate  the  horse  power  of  an  engine,  multiply  together  the  area  of  the  steam  piston  in 
square  inches,  the  piston  speed  in  feet  per  minute  and  the  mean  eflfective  pressure  of  the  steam  in 
pounds  per  square  inch  and  divide  the  result  by  33,000.  This  will  give  the  horse  power  in  the 
cylinder,  or  Indicated  Horse  Power.  From  this  must  be  taken  the  horse  power  consumed  by  the 
engine  in  friction,  etc.,  to  obtain  the  Net  or  Actual  Horse  Power. 


Table  of  Mean  Effective  Pressure 


The  M.  E.   P.   in  the  table  are  for  non-condensing  Engines, 
back  pressure  of  Exhaust.     Ten  pounds  added  to  any  of  the  M. 
M.  E.  P.  for  Condensing  Engines. 


One  pound  is  allowed  for 
E.  P.   given  will  give  the 


Initial 
Pressure 

in 
Pounds 

per 

Square 

Inch. 


30 

35 

40 

45 

50 

55 

60 

65 

70 

75 

80 

85 

90 

95 

100 

105 

110 

115 

120 

125 


Points  of  Cut-Off. 


1^ 


75!l3.75il5 
00ll7.00!l9 
25  20.25  22 
5023.7526 
7527.00  29 
00  30.25  33 
25  33.7536 
50  37.00  40 


50140.00 
75143.00 
00146.75 
25  50.25  54. 
50|53.25|57 
75|.57.00  01 
00160.25  64 
25,63.50  68 
50  66.75  71 
.50  70.00  75 


73.25  78 
76.-50,8] 


.50  17.5018 
.00  21.00  22 
.50  24.75126 
.00  28..50i30 
50  32.25  33 
00  36.00i37 
5039.7541 
00|43.50!45. 
50;47.00j49, 
00  50.75153. 
50  54.50|56, 
00  58.25|60, 
0062.00164. 
50  65.75  68, 
50  69.50  72. 
0073.00{75. 
5076.7579. 
00  80.50  83. 
.50i84.25'S7. 
00;88.00i91 


.50il9.50  20.00 
.25'23.50i24.25 
.00  27.00l28.25 
.00  31.50  32.25 
,75:35.50  36.25 
,50  39.25  40.25 


43.2544.25 
47.25  48.25 
51.25  52.25 
00!55.25  56.25 
75:59.25  60.25 


64..50 
68.50 
72.,50 


,50  63.00 
2567.00 
2571.00 
,00  75.00  76.50 
,75j78.75,80..50 
,75  82.75;84.50 
.50'S6.25  88.50 
..50  90.25:92.50 
.25  94.25l96.50 


22.00  23.50 
26.25  28.00 
30.50  32.50 
34.75  36.75 
39.00  40.50 
43.25  45.75 
47.50  50.00 
51.75    54.50 

56.00  58.75 
60.25  63.25 
64.50  67.75 
68.75!  72.00 
73.00!  76.50 
77.25;  81.00 
81.25  85.25 
85.50  89.75 
89.75i  94.25 

94.001  98.50 
98.25102.75 

]02.25!l07.00 


24.75 
29.25 
33.75 
38.25 
42.75 
47.25 
51.75 
56.50 
61.00 
65.50 
70.00 
74.50 
79.25 
83.50 
88.25 
92.75 
97.25 
101.75 
106.25 
110.75 


25.25 
29.50 
34.50 
39.25 
43.75 
48.25 
52.75 
57..50 
62.00 
66..50 
71.25 
75.75 
80.50 
85.00 
89.50 
94.25 
98.75 
103.50 
108.00 
112.50 


26.00 
30.75 
35.50 
40.25 
45.00 
49.50 
54.25 
59.90 
63.50 
68.50 
73.00 
77.75 
82.25 
87.00 
91.75 
96.50 
101.00 
105.75 
110.00 
114.50 


27.25 
32.35 
37.00 
41.75 
46.50 
51.50 
56.25 
61.25 
66.00 
71.00 
75.75 
80.50 
85.25 
90.25 
95.00 
99.75 
104.75 
109.50 
114.25 
119.25 


How  to  Center  an  Engine 


The  "dead  center"  is  the  point  in  the  stroke  where  the  crank  and  piston  rod  are  in  the  same 
right  line.  To  find  dead  center,  turn  engine  in  the  direction  it  runs  until  cross-head  is  within  a 
short  distance  of  its  limit  of  motion.  Mark  guide  at  end  of  cross-head  shoe.  Mark  some  re- 
volving circular  part  of  engine,  as  disk  crank  or  fly  wheel,  and  place  one  point  of  a  fixed  tram  in 
this  mark  and  the  other  on  some  fixed  object  in  line.  Now  turn  engine  past  the  center  in  the 
direction  she  runs  until  end  of  cross-head  shoe  passes  mark  on  guide.  Turn  back  till  shoe  reaches 
mark.  Holding  tram  still  on  the  fixed  object,  place  other  point  on  selected  revolving  part  and 
mark  as  before.  Bisect  distance  between  marks  on  revolving  part  and  turn  engine  till  point  of 
tram  rests  on  central  mark,  and  the  engine  is  on  "dead  center." 

Horizontal  engines,  when  practicable,  should  be  run  over  rather  than  under,  as  the  thrust 
will  then  come  downward  upon  the  foundation  rather  than  upon  the  caps  of  the  boxes  and  the 
upper  guides. 

114 


Power  Required  for  Different  Parts  of  Gold  and  Silver  Mills 

Each  Stamp,  Dropping  100  Times  per  Minute,  Requires: 


Weight  per  stamp  in  lbs 

750 

800 

850 

900 

950 

1000 

1050 

1100 

1200 

1300 

1350 

Horse  Power  each  Stamp 

1.5 

1.6 

1.8 

1.9 

2.0 

2.1 

2.2 

2.3 

2.4 

2.6 

2.7 

Each  Dodge  Crusher,  Requires: 


Each  Blake  Type  Crusher,  Requires: 


Size  of  crusher 

6x6 

7x8 

8x12 

11x15 

Size  of  crusher 

6x7  J.^ 

7x9 

8x12 

10x16 

Horse  power 

4 

6 

8 

12 

Horse  power 

4 

5 

8 

12 

Revolutions  per  minute. 

360 

300 

250 

225 

Rev.  per  minute. .  .  . 

275 

275     250 

225 

Each  Standard  Crushing  Rolls,  Requires: 


Size  of  rolls 

20x8 

20x12 

27x14 

30x14 

36x16 

Horse  power 

3-6 

4-8 

5-10 

8-15 

10-20 

Revolutions  per  minute 

100-150 

100-150 

75-125 

65-85 

50-75 

Each  6-foot  Belt  Concentrator,  requires  about  V^  horse-power. 

Each  18-inch  Amalgam  Barrel,  requires  from  1  to  2  horse-power. 

Each  24-inch  Amalgam  Barrel,  requires  from  2  to  3  horse-power. 

Each  36-inch  Clean-up  Pan,  requires  from  1  to  13^  horse-power. 

Each  48-inch  Clean-up  Pan  requires  from  1  \4,  to  2  horse-power. 

Each  4-foot  Combination  Pan,  65  revolutions  perminute,  requires  from  3  to  6  horse-power. 

Each  5-foot  Combination  Pan,  65  revolutions  per  minute,  requires  from  5  to  10  horse-power. 

Each  8-foot  Settler,  14  revolutions  per  minute,  requires  2.5  horse-power. 

Each  8-foot  Agitator,  16  revolutions  per  minute,  requires  3  horse-power. 

Each  Quicksilver  Elevator  requires  from  .25  to  2  horse-power. 

Each  Revolving  Dryer  requires  5  horse-power. 

Each  Howell-Whitc  Roasting  Furnace  requires  from  4  to  6  horse-power. 

Each  Bruckner  Furnace,  8  x  18  feet,  requires  from  5  to  8  horse-power. 

Above  estimates  include' the  friction  of  the  parts  named,  but  not  that  of  the  power  trans- 
mitting machinery,  for  which  an  additional  allowance  should  be  made. 

Water  Required  for  Various  Parts  of  Gold  and  Silver  Mills 

Boiler  feed  for  each  horse-power,  per  hour,  5  gallons. 
For  each  stamp,  per  hour,  from  60  to  80  gallons. 
For  each  5-foot  Pan,  per  hour,  100  gallons. 
For  each  8-foot  Settler,  per  hour,  80  gallons. 
For  each  Concentrator,  per  hour,  from  200  to  300  gallons. 
For  each  Graupner  or  Huntington  5-foot  mill,  per  hour,  1000  to  1200  gallons. 
When  water  is  settled  and  returned  to  the  mill  for  re-use,  a  reduction  of  50  per  cent,  may  be 
safely  estimated  for  all  except  the  boiler,  which  must  have  clear  water. 

115 


Horse-Power  Shafting  Will  Transmit 


Diameter 

of 

Weight 

Revolutions 

per  Minute. 

Shaft. 

Foot. 

.100 

125 

150 

175 

200 

225 

250 

300 

350 

400 

U 

2.05 

1.2 

1.4 

1.7 

2.1 

2.4 

2.6 

3.1 

3.6 

4.3 

5.0 

lA 

3.77 

2.4 

3.1 

3.7 

4.3 

4.9 

5.5 

6.1 

7.3 

8.5 

9.7 

lA 

5.52 

4.3 

5.3 

6.4 

7.4 

8.5 

9.5 

10.5 

12.7 

14.8 

16.9 

ifff 

7.61 

6.7 

8.4 

10.1 

11.7 

13.4 

15.1 

16.7 

20.1 

23.4 

26.8 

III 

10.03 

10.0 

12.5 

15.0 

17.5 

20.0 

22.5 

25.0 

30.0 

35.0 

40.0 

2t'8 

12.80 

14.3 

17.8 

21.4 

24.9 

28.5 

32.1 

35.6 

42.7 

49.8 

57.0 

2  A 

15.89 

19.5 

24.4 

29.3 

34.1 

39.0 

44.1 

48.7 

58.5 

68.2 

78.0 

211 

19.31 

26.0 

32.5 

39.0 

43.5 

52.0 

58.5 

65.0 

78.0 

87.0 

104.0 

2[| 

23.06 

33.8 

42.2 

50.6 

59.1 

67.5 

75.9 

84.4 

101.3 

118.2 

135.0 

3.\ 

27.16 

43.0 

53.6 

64.4 

75.1 

85.8 

96.6 

107.3 

128.7 

150.3 

171.6 

3  A 

31.58 

53.6 

67.0 

79.4 

93.S 

107.2 

120.1 

134.0 

158.8 

187.6 

214.4 

3!i 

36.40 

65.9 

82.4 

97.9 

115.4 

121.8 

148.3. 

164.8 

195.7 

230.7 

243.6 

31i 

41.40 

80.0 

100.0 

120.0 

140.0 

160.0 

180.0 

200  0 

240.0 

280.0 

320.0 

4A 

52.-58 

113.9 

142.4 

170.8 

199.3 

227.8 

256.2 

284.7 

341.7 

398.6 

455.6 

4  if 

6.5.10 

1.56.3 

195.3 

234.4 

273.4 

312.5 

351.5 

390.6 

468.7 

516.8 

025.0 

To  Obtain  the  Size  and  Speed  of  Pulleys,  Gears, 
or  Sprocket  Wheels 

Diameter  of  Driver — Diameter  of  driven  multiplied  by  revolutions  of  driven,  and  the  product 
obtained  divided  by  the  revolutions  of  driver. 

Diameter  of  Driven — Diameter  of  driver  multiplied  by  revolutions  of  driver,  and  the  product 
obtained  divided  by  revolutions  of  driven. 

Revolutions  of  Driven. — Diameter  of  driver  multiplied  by  revolutions  of  driver,  and  the 
product  obtained  divided  by  the  revolutions  of  driven. 

Revolutions  of  Driver. — Diameter  of  driven  multiplied  by  the  revolutions  of  driven,  and  the 
product  obtained  divided  by  the  diameter  of  the  driver. 

The  driving  pulley  is  called  the  driver,  and  the  driven  pulley  the  driven. 

If  the  num.ber  of  teeth  in  gears  or  sprocket  wheels  are  used  instead  of  diameter  in  these  calcu- 
lations, number  of  teeth  must  be  substituted  whenever  diameter  occurs. 

Horse-Power  of  Gearing 

The  following  table  is  for  cast-iron  gears,  and  is  based  upon  a  factor  of  safety  of  eight,  with 
an  ultimate  tensile  strength  of  30,000  pounds. 

Speed  of  gear,  100  feet  per  minute  at  pitch  line. 


Sour  Gears, 

Pitch. 

Face. 

Bevel  (iears. 

Horse  Power. 

Horse  Power. 

1.40 

1 

21/2 

1.01 

2.52 

IH 

3K 

1.78 

3.84 

m 

4 

2.61 

5.48 

iM 

5 

3.73 

6.83 

2 

6 

4.68 

8.98 

2M 

61.2 

6.39 

10.70 

2H 

7 

7.52 

15.39 

3 

9 

10.54 

The  horse-power  of  gears  increases  and  decreases  directly  with  the  speed. 

116 


Belting 

SINGLE  LEATHER 


Speed  in 

Width  of  Belt  in  Inches. 

Feet  per 

Minute. 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

8 

10 

12 

14 

16 

H.-r. 

H.-P. 

H.-P. 

H.-P. 

H.-P. 

H.-P. 

H.-P. 

H.-P. 

H.-P. 

H.-P. 

400 

1 

IK 

2 

2K 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

600 

VA 

2H 

3 

3^ 

43-i 

6 

73^ 

9 

103^ 

12 

800 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

8 

10 

12 

14 

16 

1000 

23^ 

3H 

5 

6^ 

73^ 

10 

123^ 

15 

173^ 

20 

1200 

3 

W2 

6 

73-^ 

9 

12 

15 

18 

21 

24 

1500  . 

3M 

5M 

73^ 

93^ 

113^ 

15 

1834 

223^ 

263^ 

30 

1800 

43^ 

QH 

9 

11% 

133^ 

18 

22  '•-'•'. 

27 

313^ 

36 

2000 

5  ■ 

iVi 

10 

12^ 

15 

20 

25 

30 

35 

40 

2400 

6 

9 

12 

15 

18 

24 

30 

36 

42 

48 

2800 

7 

lOH 

14 

173^^ 

21 

28 

35 

42 

49 

56  ■ 

3000 

7,^ 

iiv^ 

15 

18^ 

22y> 

30 

373^^ 

45 

523^ 

60 

3500 

8^4 

13 

173'^ 

22 

26 

35 

44 

52^ 

61 

70 

4000 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

40 

50 

60 

70 

80 

4500 

1114 

17 

22  >^ 

28 

34 

45 

57 

69 

78 

90 

5000 

mi 

19 

25 

31 

373/^ 

50 

621/^ 

75 

873-^ 

100 

DOUBLE  LEATHER 


Speed  in 

Width  of  Belt  in  Inches 

Feet  per 

Minute. 

4 

6 

8 

H.-P. 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

H-P. 

H.-P. 

H.-P. 

H.-P. 

H.-P. 

n.-p. 

H.-P. 

H.-P 

400 

234 

4% 

5M 

7% 

83^ 

10 

11% 

13 

143-2 

600 

4% 

63^ 

8?4 

11 

13 

15 

173^ 

19H 

22 

800 

^M 

83^ 

ViYi 

14  K 

173^ 

203-^ 

23 

26 

29 

1000 

7M 

11 

14K 

18% 

213^ 

251/^ 

29 

323^ 

36 

1200 

83^ 

13 

17  3-^ 

22 

26 

30  3^^ 

343^ 

39 

44 

1.500 

lOM 

16% 

21M 

27% 

32^ 

38 

433^ 

49 

54  V^ 

1800 

13 

193-^ 

26 

32% 

39 

453^ 

52 

59 

653-^ 

2000 

143^ 

21 3<^ 

29 

363^ 

433^ 

503^ 

58 

653^ 

72>.^ 

2400 

VJ% 

26 

34H 

44 

523^ 

60>^ 

693^ 

78% 

88 

2800 

20% 

30  3^^ 

4oy, 

61 

61 

71 

81 

9l}4 

102 

3000 

213^ 

321/^ 

43H 

543/^ 

653^ 

76 

87K 

98 

10,^ 

3500 

25  >^ 

38 

50% 

633^ 

76 

89 

101 

114 

127 

4000 

29 

433-^ 

58% 

72% 

87 

101 

116 

131 

145 

4500 

32^^ 

49 

65 

82 

98 

114 

131 

147 

163 

5000 

363^ 

51H 

72M 

91 

109 

127 

145 

163 

182 

The  above  tables  are  based  on  the  following  equivalents: 

Single  Belting,  one  inch  wide,  800  feet  per  minute  =one  horse-power,  equal  to  four  ply 
rubber  =  working  tension  of  42  pounds. 

Double  Belting,  one  inch  wide,  550  feet  per  minute  =one  horse-power,  equal  to  six  ply  rubber 
=  Working  tension  of  60  pounds. 

117 


Board  Measure 

Length  in  Feet. 


SIZE. 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 

26 

28 

30 

32 

34 

36 

38 

40 

1x8 

8 

9H 

10% 

12 

13% 

14% 

16 

17% 

18% 

20 

21% 

22% 

24 

25% 

26% 

1x10 

10 

11% 

13% 

15 

16% 

18% 

20 

21% 

23% 

25 

26% 

28% 

30 

31% 

33% 

1x12 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 

26 

28 

30 

32 

34 

36 

38 

40 

1x14 

14 

161^ 

18% 

21 

23% 

25% 

28 

30% 

32% 

35 

37% 

39% 

42 

44% 

46% 

1x16 

16 

18% 

21% 

24 

26% 

29% 

32 

34% 

37% 

40 

42% 

45% 

48 

50% 

53% 

2x3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

2x4 

8 

9H 

10% 

12 

13% 

14% 

16 

17% 

18% 

20 

21% 

22% 

24 

25% 

26% 

2x6 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 

26 

28 

30 

32 

34 

36 

38 

40 

2x8 

16 

18% 

21% 

24 

26% 

29% 

32 

34% 

37% 

40 

42% 

45% 

48 

50% 

53% 

2x10 

20 

23% 

26% 

30 

33% 

36% 

40 

43% 

46% 

50 

5314 

56% 

60 

63 1^ 

66% 

2x12 

24 

28 

32 

36 

40 

44 

48 

52 

56 

60 

64 

68 

72 

76' 

80 

2x14 

28 

32% 

37% 

42 

46% 

51% 

56 

60% 

65% 

70 

74% 

79% 

84 

88% 

9313' 

2x16 

32 

37% 

42% 

48 

53% 

58% 

64 

69% 

74% 

80 

85:% 

90% 

96 

101% 

106% 

3x4 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 

26 

28 

30 

32 

31 

36 

38 

40 

3x6 

18 

21 

24 

27 

30 

33 

36 

39 

42 

45 

48 

51 

54 

57 

60 

3x8 

24 

28 

32 

36 

40 

44 

48 

52 

56 

60 

64 

68 

72 

76 

80 

3x10 

30 

35 

40 

45 

50 

55 

60 

65 

70 

75 

80 

85 

90 

95 

100 

3x12 

36 

42 

48 

54 

60 

66 

72 

78 

84 

90 

96 

102 

108 

114 

120 

3x14 

42 

49 

56 

63 

70 

77 

84 

91 

98 

105 

112 

119 

126 

133 

140 

3x16 

48 

56 

64 

72 

80 

88 

96 

104 

112 

120 

128 

136 

144 

52 

160 

4x4 

16 

18% 

21.% 

24 

26% 

29% 

32 

34% 

371^ 

40 

42% 

45% 

48 

50% 

53% 

4x6 

24 

28 

32 

36 

49 

44 

48 

52 

56 

60 

64 

68 

72 

76 

80 

4x8 

32 

37% 

■12% 

48 

53% 

58% 

64 

69% 

74% 

80 

85% 

90% 

96 

101% 

106% 

4x10 

40 

46% 

53% 

60 

66,% 

73% 

80 

86%^ 

93% 

100 

106% 

113% 

120 

126%  133% 

4x12 

48 

56 

64 

72 

80 

88 

96 

104 

112 

120 

128 

136 

144 

152   160 

4x14 

56 

65% 

74% 

84 

93% 

102% 

112 

121% 

130% 

140 

149% 

158% 

168 

177%  186% 

4x16 

64 

74% 

85% 

96 

106% 

117% 

128 

138% 

149% 

160 

170% 

181% 

192 

202%|213% 

6x6 

36 

42 

48 

54 

60 

66 

72 

78 

84 

90 

96 

102 

108 

114 

120 

6x8 

48 

56 

64 

72 

80 

88 

96 

104 

112 

120;  128 

136 

144 

152 

160 

6x10 

60 

70 

80 

90 

100 

no 

120 

130 

140 

150 

160 

170 

180 

190 

200 

6x12 

72 

84 

96 

108 

120 

132 

144 

156 

168 

180 

192 

204 

216 

228 

240 

6x14 

84 

98 

112 

126 

140 

154 

168 

182 

196 

210 

224 

238 

252 

266 

280 

6x16 

96 

112 

128 

144 

160 

176 

192 

208 

224 

240 

256 

272 

288 

304 

320 

8x8 

64 

74% 

85% 

96 

106% 

117% 

128 

138% 

149% 

160  [170% 

181% 

192 

202%;213% 

8x10 

80 

93% 

106% 

120 

133% 

146% 

160  173% 

186% 

200  i213% 

226% 

240 

253%;266% 

8x12 

96 

112 

128 

144 

160 

176 

192  j208 

224 

240 

256 

272 

2S8 

304  320 

8x14 

112 

130% 

149H 

168 

186% 

205% 

224  242% 

261% 

280 

298% 

317% 

336 

354%  373% 

8x16 

128 

149% 

1702^ 

192 

213% 

234% 

256  1277% 

298% 

320  341% 

302% 

384 

405%:426% 

10x10 

100 

116% 

133% 

150 

166% 

183% 

200  216%  233% 

250  ;266%i283% 

300 

316%  333% 

10x12 

120 

140 

160 

180 

200 

220 

240  260  280 

300  i320 

340 

360 

380  400 

10x14 

140 

163% 

186% 

210 

233% 

256% 

280  303%  326% 

350 

373% 

396% 

410 

443%  466% 

10x16 

160 

186% 

213% 

240 

266% 

2Q3li 

320  !346%  373% 

400 

426% 

453% 

480 

506%  533% 

12x12 

144 

168 

192 

216 

240 

264 

288 

312  336 

360 

3S4 

408 

432 

456 

480 

12x14 

168 

196 

224 

252 

280 

308 

336 

364  392 

420  j448 

476 

504 

532 

560 

12x16 

192 

224 

256 

288 

320 

352 

384 

416  448 

480  1512 

544 

576 

608 

640 

14x14 

196 

228% 

261% 

294 

326% 

359% 

392 

424%  457% 

490  |522%!555% 

588 

620%:653% 

14x16 

224 

261 M 

298% 

336 

373% 

410% 

448 

485%!522% 

560  597%i634% 

672 

709%|746% 

16x16 

256 

298% 

3411^ 

384 

426% 

469% 

612  !554%I597% 

1     1 

640  !6S2%  725% 

1     1 

768 

810%853% 

Note — By  simply  multiplying  or  dividing  the  above  amounts,  the  number  of  feet  contained 
in  other  dimensions  can  be  obtained. 


JIS 


Board  and  Timber  Measure 


BOARD  MEASURE 

In  board  measure  boards  are  assumed  to  be  one  inch  in  thickness. 
To  compute  the  measure  or  surface  in  square  feet — 
When  all  dimensions  are  in  feet: 

Rule— Multiply  the  length  by  the  breadth,  and  the  product  will  give  the  surface  required. 

When  either  of  the  dimensions  are  in  inches: 

Rule — Multiply  as  above  and  divide  the  product  by  12. 

When  all  dimensions  are  in  inches: 

Rule — Multiply  as  before  and  divide  product  by  144. 


TIMBER  MEASURE 

To  compute  the  volume  of  round  timber — 
When  all  dimensions  are  in  feet: 

Rule — Multiply  the  length  by  the  square  of  one-quarter  of  the  main  girt,  and  the  product 
will  give  the  measurement  in  cubic  feet. 

When  length  is  given  in  feet  and  girt  in  inches: 
Rule — Multiply  as  before  and  divide  by  144. 

When  all  the  dimensions  are  in  inches: 

Rule — Multiply  as  before  and  divide  by  1,728. 
Sawed  or  hewed  timber  is  measured  by  the  cubic  foot. 

To  compute  the  volume  of  square  timber — 
When  all  dimensions  are  in  feet: 

Rule — Multiply  the  product  of  the  breadth  by  the  depth  by  the  length,  and  the  product 
will  give  the  volume  in  cubic  feet. 

When  either  of  the  dimensions  are  in  inches: 

Rule — Multiply  as  above  and  divide  the  product  by  12. 

When  any  two  of  the  dimensions  are  in  inches: 

Rule — Multiply  as  before  and  divide  the  product  by  144. 

119 


Simple  Problems  in  Air  Compression 

Extracts  from  an  address  delivered  before  the  Mining  Association  of  the  University  of 

California,  By  Edward  A.  Rix. 


Allow  20  hp.  for  every  100  cu.  ft.  of  cylinder-displacement,  to  compress  air  to  90  or  95  lb. 
receiver  gauge-pressure  at  sea-leve!. 

It  would  be  well  in  small  plants,  up  to  400  cu.  ft.  capacity  to  make  no  distinction  between 
single  and  two-stage  machines. 

In  using  compressed  air  at  90  lb.  pressure  cold,  it  will  take  24  cu.  ft.  free  air  per  minute  to  give 
one  horse-power  in  plain  slide-valve  engines  and  1.5  cu.  ft.  with  good  expansion-valve  gearing; 
between  these  two  limits  will  lie  all  the  various  types  of  engines.  If  the  air  be  re-heated  to  about 
300°  F,  it  will  reduce  the  above  quantities  about  one-third. 

For  operating  ordinary  station  and  sinking  pumps  of  the  direct-acting  type,  which  is  the 
ordinary  stock  pump  used  in  mining  operations,  it  will  be  safe  to  calculate  that  one  cubic  foot  of 
free  air  compressed  to  90  lb.  gauge- pressure  will  do  135  foot-gallons  of  pumping. 

Ordinary  mining  hoists  have  a  mechanical  efficiency  of  about  75  per  cent. 

For  the  determination  of  sizes  of  pipes,  losses  of  pressure,  and  terminal  pressures  for  com- 
pressed-air transmission,  use  the  formula: 

Pl=absolute  initial  air-pressure. 
0.0006 V2L      P2  =  absolute  terminal  air-pressure. 

Pl2 — P22  = V   =  free  air  equivalent  passing  through  the  pipe. 

A''  L   =  length  of  pipe  in  feet. 

A  =  diameter  in  inches. 

Problem. — Given  a  water-power  distant  5000  ft.  from  a  mine,  it  is  desired  to  generate  com- 
pressed air  and  transmit  it  to  the  collar  of  the  shaft  to  perform  work  as  follows: 
One  hundred  tons  of  ore  and  waste  to  be  hoisted  in  20  hours. 
Thirty  gallons  of  water  per  minute  to  be  pumped. 
Five  2}4-\n  standard  piston  rock-drills  to  be  operated. 
Three  air-hammer  drills  to  be  operated. 

General  Conditions: 

Depth  of  shaft,  600  ft. 

Weight  of  skip  and  rope,  1,000  lb. 

Weight  of  ore  hoisted,  1  ton. 

Initial  air-pressure,  95  lb. 

Final  air-pre.ssure,  90  lb. 

Altitude,  sea-level. 

Geared  hoist  and  unbalanced  hoisting. 

Required : 

Size  of  compressor. 
Diameter  of  air-pipe. 
Brake  horse-power. 
Altitude  factors. 
Re-heating  coefficients. 

Note:  Reduce  all  requirements  to  cubic  feet  of  free  air,  because  free  air  is  the  basis  for  all 
pov/er  calculations. 

To  determine  the  free  air  required  for  hoisting: 

100  tons  of  ore  and  waste  hoisted  in  20  hours  =5  tons  per  hour,  each  load  contains  one  ton  =a 
load  hoisted  every  12  minutes.  2000  lb.  material  and  1000  lb.  rope  and  skip  =a  total  of  3000  lb. 
3000  lb.  lifted  600  ft.  =1,800,000  foot-pounds,  or  54  hp.  theoretical,  at  75%  efficiency,  the  51  hp. 
becomes  72  brake-power  actually  required.  Using  cold  air,  it  requires,  24  cu.  ft.  free  air  per 
horsepower.  Then  the  hoist  will  consume  to  make  a  lift,  24x72  =  1728  cu.  ft.  of  free  air.  This 
gives  us  direct  results  without  taking  into  consideration  the  element  of  time  or  the  dimensions 
of  the  hoist. 

120 


Simple  Problems  in  Air  Compression 

(Continued) 


If  1728  cu.  ft.  are  required  to  make  a  hoist  every  12  minutes  the  compressor  must  furnish 
144  cu.  ft.  free  air  per  minute  continuously,  and  we  assume  that  we  hoist  at  the  rate  of  300  ft. 
per  min.;  it  will  take  2  minutes  to  make  the  lift,  and  the  hoist  will  be  lowering  and  idle  during  the 
next  10  minutes,  the  compressor  delivering  10x144  =  1440  cu.  ft.  free  air  which  must  be  stored. 
Sufficient  storage  capacity  is  the  vital  point  of  hoisting  economically  with  compressed  air. 

While  we  have  allowed  4  hours  in  24,  or  1  hr.  20  min.  on  each  shift,  for  hoisting  and  lowering 
men,  timbers,  supplies,  etc.,  it  is  probable  that  at  least  once  every  hour  someone  will  be  going 
up  and  down  the  shaft,  and  it  would  be  practical  therefore  to  say  that  the  hoist  would  handle  6 
loads  per  hour,  instead  of  5,  and  we  must  therefore  add  20%  to  the  144  cu.  ft.  making  the  hoisting 
requirement  say,  175  cu.  ft.  per  min. 

To  determine  the  amount  of  compressed  air  required  for  pumping: 

For  pumping  30  gallons  per  min.  600  ft.,  requires  30x600,  or  18,000  foot  gallons  of  work.  If 
one  cu.  ft.  of  free  air  at  90  lb.  gauge-pressure  will  give  135  ft -gal.,  we  shall  require  133  cu.  ft.  free 
air  for  the  pumping.     This  requirement  is  constant. 

To  determine  the  amount  of  compressed  air  required  for  drilling: 

Five  21^-in.  rock-drills  will  require  50  ft.  free  air  each,  or  250  cu.  ft. 

Three  air-hammer  drills  will  require  25  cu.  ft.  each,  or  75  cu.  ft. 

To  get  these  amounts,  take  about  80%  of  the  requirements  as  stated  in  rock-drill  catalogues, 
which  always  give  quantities  in  compressor-cylinder  displacement,  which  do  not  deliver  on  an 
average  within  20%  of  their  displacement,  except  in  large  machines. 

Total  requirements  will  therefore  be: 

Work.  Cubic  Feet. 

Hoisting 175 

Pumping 133 

Drilling 325 

Total 633 

Allow  for  a  5%  pipe-leakage  on  the  entire  system.     This  would  bring  requirement  up  to  665. 

Allow  for  a  volumetric  efficiency  of  at  least  S0%,  this  will  require  a  total  cylinder  displacement 
of  830  cu.  ft.  per  minute,  and  with  the  power  factor  of  20  hp.  per  100  cu.  ft.,  166  hp.  delivered 
on  the  water-wheel  shaft  is  required  to  drive  compressor. 

To  determine  the  size  of  the  pipe:     Allow  5  lb.  drop  in  pressure  for  friction  loss. 

O.OOO6V2L 
Formula:     Pi2_P22=- 


A5 

Pi,  initial  pressure  absolute  =95-f-14. 7,  or  109.7,  and  its  square  is  12034. 

P2,  the  terminal  pressure, 5  lb.  less  than  the  initial,  or  90  lb.,  or  104.7  absolute,  and.  its  square 
is  10962. 

The  difference  between  these  two  or    Pi2 — P22  =  1072. 

121 


Simple  Problems  in  Air  Compression 

(.Continued) 


Substituting  this  in  our  equation,  and  also  the  vahies  for  L  and  V,  vi^e  have 

6x5000x633x633 


1072=- 


reducing,  we  have 


lO.OOOxA-^. 

1072xA5  =3x6332,  or  A-"'  =  1 121 
A^4-in.   pipe. 

In  General: 

Refer  to  trade  catalogues  and  tables  and  look  up  a  satisfactory  compressor,  having  a  dis- 
placement of  830  cu.  ft.  For  this  capacity  it  is  advisable  to  select  a  two-stage  compressor,  because 
it  has  a  higher  volumetric  efficiency,  requires  less  power  to  operate,  is  easier  to  lubricate  on  account 
of  lower  temperatures  and  has  less  strain  on  mechanism. 

The  first  thing  to  consider  is  the  speed  at  which  the  compressor  will  operate.  If  a  limited 
sum  is  to  be  expended,  as  high  a  working  speed  as  possible  will  be  selected,  because,  the  higher  the 
speed,  the  smaller  the  compressor.  If  the  future  is  to  be  taken  into  consideration,  more  air  will 
be  wanted  as  shaft  goes  deeper  and  more  water  encountered.  It  would  then  be  wise  to  select  a 
rnachine  which  at  say  two-thirds  of  its  rated  speed  would  produce  the  present  requirements  and 
give  a  50  per  cent,  margin  for  the  future. 


Altitude: 


(original) 


As  the  altitude  increases,  the  initial  absolute  pressure  diminishes  and  as  the  final  pressure 
remains  the  same,  the  pressure  ratio  grows  larger  as  the  altitude  increases.  For  example,  at 
10,000  ft.  elevation  the  atmospheric  pressure  is  10  lbs.  instead  of  14.7  lbs  at  sea  level.  In  the 
problem,  the  ratio  of  compression  at  sea  level  is  7.5  while  at  10,000  feet  elevation  it  would  be  10.5. 
The  sea-level  compressor  must  be  increased,  therefore,  10.5^7.5,  or  1.4  times,  to  give  the  same 
weight  of  compressed  air  at  10,000  ft.  altitude.  In  other  words  the  altitude  compressor  must  be 
about  40  per  cent,  larger  to  do  the  same  work. 

TABLE   OF   EFFICIENCIES   AND   CAPACITIES   AT   VARIOUS   ALTITUDES. 


Simple  Problems  in  Air  Compression 

(.Continued) 


To  determine  the  amount  of  compressed  air  required  by  re- heating: 

It  is  practical  to  re-heat  air  to  from  300  to  400°  F  in  various  ways,  and  great  economy  is  realized 
especially  for  pumping  and  hoisting,  and  if  it  is  possible  you  may  reduce  the  quantities  of  cold  air 
figured  for  this  character  of  work  by  the  ratio  of  the  atmospheric  to  the  compressed-air  temper- 
atures absolute.  Thus,  if  the  atmosphere  is  at  60°  F  or  520°  absolute,  and  the  compressed  air  is 
used  at  300° For  760°  absolute,  then  the  volume  of  cold  air  for  your  work  may  be  taken  at  the 
ratio  of  520  -f-  760,  or  about  70%,  thus  making  a  saving  of  30  per  cent. 

TABLE  1.— CUBIC  FEET  OF  FREE  AIR  REQUIRED  TO  RUN  ONE  DRILL  OF  THE  SIZE 
AND   AT  THE   PRESSURE  STATED   BELOW. 


Guage 

Cylinder  Diameter  of  Drill. 

Pressure 

2" 
50 

60 

2^" 

2H" 
82 

3" 
90 

Ws" 

OS" 
«>Tff 

100 

3V>" 
108 

3^" 
113 

130 

5" 

5V^" 

60 

68 

95 

97 

150 

164 

70 

56 

68 

77 

93 

102 

108 

110 

113 

124 

129 

147 

170 

181 

80 

63 

76 

86 

104 

114 

120 

123 

127 

131 

143 

164 

190 

207 

90 

70 

84 

95 

115 

126 

133 

136 

141 

152 

159 

182 

210 

230 

100 

77 

92 

104 

126 

13S 

146 

149 

154 

166 

174 

199 

240 

252 

TABLE  II.— MULTIPLIERS  TO  DETERMINE  COMPRESSOR  CAPACITY  REQUIRED 

TO  OPERATE  FROM  1  TO  70  ROCK  DRILLS   AT  ALTITUDES 

COMPARED  WITH   SEA  LEVEL. 


"  .."^ 

NUMBER   OF   DRILLS 

12        3        4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

12         15 

20 

25 

30 

t 
40        50 

60 

70 

MULTIPLIERS 

0 

1.       1.8 

2.7   13.4 

4.1    4.8 

5.4 

6.0 

6.5    7.1 

8.1 

9.5 

11.7 

13.7 

15.8 

21.4 

25.5 

29.4 

33.2 

1000 

1.03  1.85 

2.7813.5 

4.224.94 

5.56 

6.18 

6.69  7.3 

8.34 

9.7S 

12.05 

14.1 

16.3 

22.0 

26.26 

30.3 

34.2 

2000 

1.07  1.92 

2.89  3.64 

4.39  5.14 

5.78 

6.42 

6.9517.60 

8.67 

10.17 

12.52 

14.66 

16.9 

22.9 

27.28 

31.46 

35.52 

3000 

T    10 

1    9.H 

2.97,3.74 

4.51  5.28 

5 .  94 

6.6 

7.15 

7.81 

8.91 

10.45 

12.87 

15.07 

17.38 

23.54 

28.05 

32.34 

36.52 

4000 

1  .14 

2.05 

3.08'3.88|4.67  5.47 

6.15 

6.84 

7.41 

8.09 

9.23 

10.83 

13.34 

15.62 

18.01 

24.4 

29.07 

33.52 

37.8 

5000 

1.17 

2.10 

3.1613. 98k. 8    5.62  6.32 

7.02 

7.61 

8.31 

9.48 

11.12 

13.69 

16.03 

18.49 

25.04 

29.84 

34.4 

38.84 

6000 

1.202.16 

3.24j4.08i4.9    5.7616.487.2 

7.8 

8.52 

9.72 

11.4 

14.04 

16.44 

18.96 

25.08 

30.0    35.4 

39.84 

7000 

1 .  23 

2.21 

3.32-4.18  5.04  5.9   16.64 

7.38 

7.99 

8.73 

9.96 

11.68 

14.39 

16.85 

19.43 

26.32 

31.36  36.16 

40.84 

8000 

1.26 

2.27 

3.40 

4.285.17l6.05i6.8 

7.56 

8.19 

8.95 

10.21 

11.97 

14.74 

17.26 

19.9 

26.96 

32.13  37.04 

41.83 

9000 

1.29 

2.32 

3.48 

4.39  5.29  6.19 

6.96 

7.74 

8.38 

9.16 

10.45 

12.26 

15.09 

17.67 

20.38 

27.6 

32.9   137.92 

42.83 

10000 

1.32 

2.38 

3.56 

4.49  5.41  6.34 

7.13 

7.92 

8.58 

9.37 

10.69 

12.54 

15.44 

18.08 

20.86 

28.25 

33.66  38.8 

43.82 

12000 

1.37 

2.47 

3.7 

4.66  5.62  6.57 

7.4 

8.22 

8.9 

9.73 

11.1 

13.02 

16.03 

18.77 

21.64 

29.32 

34.94  40. 28145. 48 

1            1 

Example. — Required  the  amount  of  free  air  necessary  to  operate  thirty  5  inch  drills  at  9,000 
feet  altitude,  using  to  operate  these  drills  air  at  a  guage  pressure  of  80  pounds  per  square  inch. 

From  Table  I  we  find,  when  operating  the  drills  at  SO  pounds  guage  pressure  at  sea  level, 
that  one  5-inch  drill  requires  190  cubic  feet  of  free  air  per  minute. 

_  From  Table  11  we  also  find  that  the  factor  for  30  drills  at  9,000  feet  altitude  is  20.38;  multi- 
plying 190  cubic  feet  by  20.38  gives  3,872  cubic  feet  free  air  per  minute,  which  is  the  displacement 
of  a  compressor  for  the  above  outfit  under  average  conditions,  to  which  must  be  added  pipe  line 
losses,  such  as  friction  and  leakage. 

123 


Table  for  Computing  Effective  Strains 
and  Loads  on  Inclines 


I. 

II. 

III. 

I. 

II. 

III. 

Degree. 

Sine. 

Cosecant. 

Degree. 

Sine. 

Cosecant. 

90 

1 .  ()()() 

1.000 

45 

.707 

1.414 

89 

1 .  000 

1.000 

44 

.695 

1.440 

88 

.999 

1.001 

43 

.682 

1.466 

87 

.999 

1.001 

42 

.669 

1.494 

86 

.998 

1.002 

41 

.656 

1.524 

SP> 

.996 

1.004 

40 

.643 

1.556 

84 

.995 

1.006 

39 

.629 

1.589 

83 

.993 

1.008 

38 

.616 

1.624 

82 

.990 

1.010 

37 

.602 

1.662 

81 

.988 

1.012 

36 

.588 

1.701 

80 

.98.5 

1.015 

35 

.574 

1.743 

79 

.982 

1.019 

34 

.559 

1.788 

78 

.978 

1.022 

33 

.545 

1.836 

77 

.974 

1.026 

32 

.530 

1.887 

76 

.970 

1.031 

31 

.515 

1.942 

75 

.966 

1,035 

30 

.500 

2.000 

74   , 

.961 

1.040 

29 

.485 

2.063 

73 

.956 

1.046 

'    28 

.469 

2.130 

72 

.951 

1.051 

27 

.454 

2.203 

71 

.946 

1.058 

26 

.438 

2.281 

70 

.940 

1.064 

25 

.423 

2.366 

69 

.934 

1.071 

24 

.407 

2.459 

68 

.927 

1.079 

23 

.391 

2.559 

67 

.921 

1.080 

22 

.375 

2.669 

66 

.914 

1.095 

21 

.358 

2.790 

65 

.906 

1.103 

20 

.342 

2.924 

64 

.899 

1.113 

19 

.326 

3.071 

63 

.891 

1.122 

18 

.309 

3.236 

62 

.883 

1.133 

17 

.292 

3.420 

61 

.875 

1.143 

16 

.276 

3.628 

60 

.866 

1.155 

15 

.259 

3.864 

59 

.857 

1.167 

14 

.242 

4.134 

58 

.848 

1.179 

13 

.225 

4.445 

57 

.839 

1.192 

12 

.208 

4  810 

56 

.829 

1.206 

11 

.191 

5.241 

55 

.819 

1.221 

10 

.174 

5.759 

54 

.809 

1.236 

9 

.156 

6.392 

53 

.799 

1.252 

8 

.139 

7 .  185 

52 

.788 

1.269 

7 

.122 

8.206 

51 

.777 

1.287 

6 

.105 

9.567 

50 

.766 

1  305 

5 

.087 

11.474 

49 

.755 

1 .  325 

4 

.070 

14.336 

48 

.743 

1.346 

3 

.052 

19.107 

47 

.731 

1.367 

2 

.035 

28.654 

46 

.719 

1.390 

1 

.017 

57.299 

The  table  will  be  found  useful  where  hoisting  is  done  in  inclined  shafts.  It  may  also  be 
applied  to  "gravity  tramways"  or  "inclined  planes." 

The  following  examples  will  show  its  uses:  Suppose  the  weight  of  ore  is  10,000  lbs.;  skip, 
6,000  lbs.;  rope,  7,500  lbs.;  and  that  the  shaft  has  an  inclination  of  55  degrees  from  the  horizontal. 
What  is  the  strain  of  the  rope?     Total  load,  10,000  +  6,000  +  7,500  =  23,500. 

124 


{Continued  from  page  12J,) 

Rule: — For  each  pound  weight,  the  effective  load  on  rope  for  the  angle  of  incline  from  the 
horizontal  given  in  column  1  will  be  found  opposite  in  column  II. 

Therefore,  find  55  degrees  in  column  I  and  opposite  in  column  II  is  .819,  which  multiplied  by 
23,500  =  19,240.5  lbs.,  the  total  effective  strain  on  rope. 

Suppose  an  engine  can  raise  5,000  lbs.  in  a  vertical  shaft,  what  can  it  pull  up  an  incline  30 
degrees  from  the  horizontal.'* 

Rule: — For  each  pound  which  an  engine  can  lift  vfrtically,  it  can  raise  the  amount  given  in 
column  III  up  an  incline  of  the  angle  given  in  column  I.  Therefore,  find  30  degrees  in  column  I, 
and  opposite  in  column  III  is  2,  which  multiplied  by  5,000  =  10,000  lbs.,  the  amount  engine  can 
pull  up  a  30  degree  incline. 

If  the  proper  working  strain  of  the  rope  were  5,000  lbs.,  on  a  vertical  lift,  it  would  be  10,000 
lbs.  on  a  30  degree  incline;  the  process  is  the  same. 

Note: — In  using  the  table,  it  must  not  be  overlooked  that  the  friction  of  drawing  the  car, 
skip  or  cage  on  the  rails  or  guides  is  to  be  added  to  the  effective  weight  in  order  to  obtain  the  total 
amount  of  strain  borne  by  the. rope.  This  friction  is  termed  "traction"  or  "tractile  effort"  and 
varies  between  thirty  and  one  hundred  pounds  per  ton,  according  to  circumstances  and  is  of  more 
importance  on  inclines  of  small  angle. 


Standard  Hoisting  Ropes 

Composed  of  6  Strands  of  19  wires  each,  with  Hemp  Center. 


Allowable  working  strain  in  tons 

Minimum  Size 

of  Drum 

or 

Weight 

of  2,000  lbs.     Factor  of  Safety  =  5. 

Sheave  in 

Feet. 

Dia. 

per  foot 

Ex. 

Ex. 

in 
pounds. 

Plough 

Strong 

Cast 

Swedish 

Plough 

Strong 

Cast 

Swedish 

Steel. 

Crucible 

Steel. 

Iron. 

Steel. 

Crucible 

Steel. 

Iron. 

Steel. 

Steel. 

234 

12. 

61. 

53. 

45. 

22.8 

11 

10 

10 

16 

21^ 

10. 

50. 

45. 

38. 

18.9 

10 

9H 

9H 

15 

214 

8. 

41. 

36. 

31. 

15.6 

9 

83^ 

8H 

13 

2 

6.30 

33. 

28. 

24. 

12.4 

8 

8 

8 

12 

IM 

4.85 

25. 

22. 

19. 

9.6 

7J^ 

7H 

7^ 

10 

15/^ 

4.15 

22. 

19. 

16. 

8.4 

6 

6^ 

6K 

8,^ 

11/0 

3.55 

19. 

16. 

14. 

7.2 

5H 

5M 

5^ 

7A 

1% 

3.00 

16. 

14. 

12. 

6.2 

5M 

5H 

5^ 

7 

IH 

2.45 

13. 

11. 

10. 

5.0 

5 

5 

5 

6^ 

1% 

2.00 

11. 

9.8 

8.4 

4.2 

4H 

4H 

4H 

6 

] 

1.58 

8.8 

7.8 

6.8 

3.4 

414 

4 

4 

5H 

% 

1.20 

6  8 

6.0 

5.2 

2.6 

3?4 

sVi 

3^ 

V/2 

H 

0.89 

5.0 

4.4 

3.88 

1.94 

33^ 

3 

3 

4 

H 

0.62 

3.6 

3.16 

2.72 

1.36 

3 

2H 

2)i 

^'4 

A 

0.50 

2.9 

2.54 

2.20 

1.10 

2li 

m 

\% 

2H 

V? 

0.39 

2.28 

2.02 

1.76 

.88 

2 

Wi 

Wi 

2}4 

A 

0.30 

1.77 

1.56 

1.36 

.68 

I'A 

1^ 

IH 

2 

H 

0.22 

1.31 

1.15 

1.00 

.50 

1 

1 

1 

iVz 

A 

0.15 

0.90 

0.81 

0  68 

.34 

Vs 

% 

Vs 

1 

K 

0.10 

0.60 

0.54 

0.18 

.24 

H 

K 

'A 

H 

125 


Practical  Hints  Regarding  Saw  Mills 
and  the  Care  of  Saws 


A  Right  Hand  Mill  has  the  saw  at  the  sawyer's  right  and  runs  toward  him. 
A  Left  Hand  Mill  has  the  saw  at  the  sawyer's  left  and  runs  toward  him. 

SIZE  OF  SAWS. — With  the  Variable  Feed  Mill,  any  size  saw  can  be  used  according  to  the 
size  of  logs — regardless  of  the  amount  of  power  used.  With  a  large  saw,  a  large  pulley  must  be 
used  on  the  mandrel  to  reduce  the  speed  to  correspond  with  the  size  of  the  saw  and  the  power. 
The  diameter  of  the  saw  should  be  about  one  and  a  half  times  the  diameter  of  the  log  to  be  cut — a 
36-inch  log  requires  a  54-inch  saw — a  40-inch  log  requires  a  60-inch  saw,  and  so  on. 

SPEED  OF  SAWS. — Speeding  saws  too  high  is  a  very  common  mistake — usually  a  serious 
and  a  foolish  error  of  judgment.  Manufacturers,  in  their  catalogues,  give  the  maximum  speeds 
at  which  their  saws  may  be  operated  with  safety  on  the  basis  of  the  highest  power  the  saws  are 
calculated  to  withstand.  These  speeds  cannot  properly  be  used  for  portable  mills  for  the  reason 
that  often  the  power  used  is  not  sufficient — they  are  put  there  for  selling  purposes  of  the  saw- 
makers  and  to  show  what  the  saw  will"  stand,  not  what  it  is  supposed  to  do  in  practical  work. 
While  speed  is  power — it's  easy  to  consume  all  the  power  in  speed  without  doing  any  work.  A 
48-inch  saw  run  by  a  10  H.  P.  engine  should  have  a  speed  of  300  revolutions  a  minute — slower  if 
the  saw  has  the  usual  number  of  teeth.  About  twenty-four  teeth  are  necessary  to  give  the  best 
results  at  300  revolutions — the  usual  number  is  30 — and  usually  works  satisfactorily. 

PORTABLE  MILLS  running  with  20  H.  P.  and  undei  should  run  the  rim  of  the  saw  at  a 
speed  not  exceeding  360  ft.  per  minute  to  each  horse  power.  For  example,  multiply  360  by  10 
H.  P.,  and  divide  this  by  12  ft.  (circumference  of  the  48-inch  saw),  and  you  get  300  revolutions  per 
minute.  For  smaller  power  the  speed  should  be  some  higher  in  proportion,  but  the  saw  should 
have  fewer  teeth  to  make  up  for  the  higher  speed.  20  H.  P.  and  above  should  have  more  speed  in 
proportion  to  the  larger  number  of  teeth.  With  this  power  the  teeth  should  be  5  inches  apart, 
which  will  give  30  teeth  to  the  48-inch  saw.  For  a  larger  power,  the  teeth  should  be  closer  to- 
gether until  they  reach  the  limit  of  3  inches  apart,  and  then  as  the  power  is  increased  the  speed  of 
the  saw  is  increased  to  correspond.     A  saw  must  be  speeded  right  to  give  the  best  results. 

To  aid  in  the  selection  of  a  saw  and  to  determine  its  proper  speed,' we  give  the  following  table, 
based  on  a  saw  48  inches  in  diameter: 

Distance  from  Point 


Power 

to  Point  of  Teeth 

Nu 

niber  of  Teeth 

Speed  of  Saw 

6H.  P. 

7  inches 

22 

300 

8     " 

7      " 

22 

300 

10     " 

6       " 

24 

300 

12     " 

6       " 

24 

350 

15     " 

5       " 

30 

400 

20     " 

5       " 

30 

450 

To  find  the  proper  speed  of  larger  or  smaller  saws,  multiply  the  speed  given  of  a  48-inch  saw  by 
48  and  divide  the  product  by  the  size  of  the  saw  selected.  A  larger  .saw  should  have  a  greater 
number  of  teeth,  and  a  smaller  saw  a  lesser  number,  the  distance  apart  remaining  approximately 
the  same. 

Saws  for  cutting  hardwood  or  frozen  timber  are  usually  run  at  higher  speed  and  ha\e  a  greater 
number  of  teeth. 

126 


Practical  Hints  Regarding  Saw  Mills 
and  the  Care  of  Saws 

(.Continued) 


In  ordering  a  saw  mill  or  saw,  the  amount  of  power  used,  size  and  speed  of  driving  pulley 
should  always  be  given  so  that  a  pulley  of  the  proper  size  may  be  sent  with  the  mill  and  a  suitable 
saw  selected. 

PROPER  GAUGE  OF  SAWS.— For  portable  mills  as  a  general  rule  we  recommend  8"x9" 
gauge  saws.  For  larger  power  where  sav/s  are  run  at  high  speed,  or  for  cutting  valuable  hard 
woods  we  recommend  9"xl0"  gauge. 

HOW  TO  HANG  AND  LINE  SAWS.— It  does  not  follow  that  because  one  saw  will 
work  well  that  another  y/ill  do  so  on  the  same  mandrel,  or  that  two  saws  will  hang  alike  on  the 
same  mandrel. 

In  hanging  a  new  saw,  after  screwing  it  upWtween  the  collars  examine  carefully  on  the  front 
or  log  side,  and  see  if  the  front  of  the  saw  is  flat.  If  it  is  found  to  be  rounding  on  the  log  side,  cut 
a  ring  of  paper  about  half  an  inch  wide,  the  size  of  the  collar  on  the  outside,  oil  it  and  .stick  iton 
the  face  of  the  fast  collar  around  the  outer  edge.  Then  tut  another  ring  of  paper  the  same  width, 
making  the  hole  the  same  size  as  the  hole  in  the  loose  collar;  put  this  .small  ring  between  the  loose 
collar  and  the  saw,  and  screw  up  the  collar.  If  the  two  rings  are  not  enough,  put  in  more  unti' 
the  saw  comes  flat  and  true.  If  the  saw  hangs  dishing  on  the  log  side,  reverse  the  rings  of  paper; 
that  is,  put  the  sm.all  rings  between  the  saw  and  the  fast  collar,  and  the  large  ring  against  the  loose 
collar.     To  do  proper  work,  the  saw  must  be  perfectly  fiat  and  straight  on  the  side  next  to  the  log. 

DIRECTIONS  FOR  RUNNING  CHISEL  TOOTH  SAWS.— First  the  saw  should  be  placed 
on  the  mandrel  where  it  is  to  be  run,  observing  directions  for  hanging  circular  saws. 

Should  the  saw  run  a  little  out  of  true  on  the  rim,  it  may  be  made  to  run  true  by  packing 
with  writing  paper  between  the  saw  and  fast  collar.  It  is  necessary  that  the  saw  mandrel  should 
l)e  perfectly  level  so  that  the  saw  will  hang  exactly  plumb. 

Never  attempt  to  run  a  saw  that  is  dishing  on  the  log  side  as  it  will  be  sure  to  draw  towards 
the  log.     The  carriage  track  must  be  straight  and  level,  so  that  the  carriage  can  run  true. 

HOW  TO  FILE  AND  KEEP  IN  ORDER  CIRCULAR  SAWS.— It  is  not  well  to  file  all  of 
the  teeth  of  circular  saws  from  the  same  side  of  the  saw,  especially  if  each  alternate  tooth  is  bent 
for  the  set,  but  file  one-half  of  the  teeth  from  each  side  of  the  saw,  and  of  the  teeth  that  are  bent 
from  you,  so  as  to  leave  them  on  a  slight  bevel — leave  the  outer  corners  a  little  the  longest. 

Never  file  any  saw  to  sharp  or  acute  angles  at  the  throats  or  roots  of  the  teeth,  but  on  circular 
lines,  as  all  saws  are  liable  to  crack  from  sharp  corners. 

Keep  your  saw  round,  so  that  each  tooth  will  do  its  proportional  part  of  the  work. 

Saw  teeth  wear  narrow  at  the  extreme  points;  consequently  they  must  be  kept  spread  so  that 
they  will  be  widest  at  the  very  points  of  the  teeth;  otherwise  saws  will  not  work  successfully. 

Teeth  should  be  kept  as  near  a  uniform  shape  and  distance  apart  as  possible,  in  order  to  keep 
a  circular  saw  in  balance  and  condition  for  business. 

Frosted  steel  is  always  brittle.  No  intelligent  woodsman  will  use  a  good  chopping  axe  on 
hard  frozen  timber  until  after  he  has  taken  the  frost  out  of  it,  and  no  intelligent  sawyer  will 
attempt  to  set  teeth  of  any  saw  without  taking  out  the  frost. 

127 


Practical  Hints  Regarding  Saw  Mills 
and  the  Care  of  Saws 

(.Continued) 


The  greatest  wear  on  the  saw  is  on  the  under  edges  of  the  teeth.  File  nearly  to  an  edge 
(but  not  quite),  leaving  a  short  bevel  of  ^V  of  an  inch  wide  on  the  under  side  of  the  point.  But 
in  no  instance  file  to  a  fine  point  and  thin  wire  edge. 

Be  sure  that  the  saw  hangs  properly  on  the  mandrel. 

The  saw  must  be  in  proper  line  with  the  carriage  and  the  carriage  run  true. 

The  mandrel  must  be  level  and  run  freely  in  the  boxes. 

Do  nearly  all  the  filing  on  the  under  sides  of  the  teeth,  and  see  that  thej'  are  well  spread  at 
the  points;  file  square  and  have  them  project  alike  on  both  sides  of  the  saw. 

If  the  saw  heats  in  the  center  when  the  mandrel  runs  cool  in  the  boxes,  cool  it  olT  and  line 
it  into  the  log  a  little. 

If  the  saw  heats  on  the  rim  and  not  in  the  center,  cool  it  off  and  line  it  out  of  the  log  a  little — 
and  vice  versa  if  it  heats  in  the  centre.  Every  sawyer  should  have  a  side  file  to  keep  the  teeth 
the  same  width. 

Before  commencing  to  insert  the  teeth,  provide  a  cup  of  oil,  which,  together  with  the  teeth, 
place  conveniently  near  where  you  will  stand,  at  the  back  of  the  saw.  Take  the  wrench,  place  the 
pins  in  the  holes  in  the  shank,  and  turn  it  so  that  the  hook  projects  sufficiently  to  receive  the  bit, 
pick  up  a  tooth  with  the  other  hand  and  dip  its  grooved  segment  into  the  oil;  then  place  in  position 
and  hold  it  firmly  and  even  with  the  sides  of  the  blade,  while  at  the  same  time  press  the  wrench 
downward  until  the  shank  fits  into  its  place. 

The  chisel  teeth  are  exact  in  width,  and  the  spread  uniformly  good,  and  make  smoother 
lumber  than  is  made  by  the  solid  saw,  even  when  not  in  the  hands  of  first-class  sawyers;  but  if 
extra  nice  work  is  desired,  try  a  gauge  on  the  side  of  each  tooth,  and  if  any  are  found  to  project 
a  trifle  too  far,  reduce  them  with  a  side  file,  being  careful  to  preserve  the  same  relief  of  the  corner. 
No  flat  surface  should  be  allowed  on  the  sides  of  the  teeth;  they  must  be  relieved  from  the  very 
edge;  then  the  saw  will  run  straight,  and  with  the  least  possible  expenditure  of  pov.er,  and  make 
smooth  lumber.  Practical  use  of  the  chisel  bits  has  proven  conclusively  that  in  order  to  get  the 
most  and  best  use  of  them,  when  a  set  has  been  inserted  and  properly  adjusted,  they  should 
remain  until  they  are  worn  out,  and  as  often  as  may  be  required  edge  them  up  by  applying  a  file 
to  their  face  or  under  side;  after  being  sharpened  several  times  they  should  be  relieved  on  the  side, 
so  as  to  keep  their  corners  sharp.  Should  a  shank  become  straight  or  compressed,  by  reason  of 
the  saw  having  been  run  on  iron,  so  that  it  will  not  hold  the  bit  firmly,  lay  it  on  an  anvil  and 
strike  it  with  a  hammer  on  the  inner  edge  until  expended  sufficiently  to  hold  the  !>it. 

Do  not  try  the  experiment  of  bending  each  alternate  tooth  for  the  set  when  using  Inserted 
Tooth  Saws. 

Use  a  light  liammer  in  swedging,  about  M  to  1  pound  weight,  holding  the  swedge  so  that  the 
teeth  will  be  spread  at  the  points. 

IN  FILING  SOLID-TOOTH  CIRCULAR  SAWS  keep  the  throats  or  roots  of  the 
teeth  round,  or  as  the  saws  are  when  new.  Angles  or  square  corners  filed  at  the  roots  of  the 
teeth  will  almost  invariably  cause  a  saw  to  crack.  The  filing  of  such  angles  or  square  corners  will 
cancel  the  warranty  on  any  saw.  The  back  or  top  of  the  tooth  leads  or  guides  the  saw  and 
should  be  filed  square  across.  The  under  sides  of  the  toeth  may  be  filed  a  little  beveled  when  they 
are  bent  alternately  for  the  set,  so  as  to  leave  the  outer  corner  of  the  cutting  edge  longest. 


LIST  gf  BULLETINS 

Issued  to  date  by  the 

Joshua  Hendy  Iron  Works 

Iron  Founders,  Engineers  and 

Machinery  Merchants 

» 

75  Fremont  St.,  San  Francisco, 

Cal. 

No. 

Subject                                                Date 

Condition 

100 

Pinder  Concentrator        .         .         .     Nov.  1906, 

Issued 

101 

Hendy  Two  and  Three-stamp  Mills,  Nov.  1906, 

Exhausted 
(See  No.  113) 

102 

Davis  Horse  Whim         .         .         .     Oct.    1906, 

Issued 

103 

Ore  and  Water  Buckets          .         .     Jan.    1907, 

Issued 

104 

Hendy  Standard  Ore  Cars      .         .     Mar.   1907, 

Issued 

105 

Hydraulic  Water  Gates,  etc.           .     Feb.    1907, 

Issued 

106 

Hendy  Hydraulic  Giants         .         .     April  1907, 

Issued 

107 

Ore  Crushers May    1907, 

Exhausted 
(See  No- 117) 

108 

Winches,  Derricks,  etc.                     .     Nov.  1907, 

Issued 

no 

Hendy  Fire  Monitors      .         .         .     Nov.  1907, 

Issued 

111 

Hendy  Gravel  Elevators        .         .     Aug.   1908, 

Issued 

113 

Hendy  Two  and  Three-stamp  Mills,  June  1908, 

Issued 

114 

Tangential  Water  Wheels,  etc.      .     Dec.    1908, 

Issued 

115 

Matteson  Ore  Cars          .         .         .     Dec.    1908, 

Issued 

116 

Graupner  Centrifugal  Roller  Mill  .     Dec.    1908, 

Issued 

117 

Crushers  and  Crushing  Rolls         .     Dec.    1908, 

Exhausted 
(See  No.  121) 

118 

Challenge  Ore  Feeders            .         .     Dec.    1908, 

Issued 

119 

Stamp  Mills,  Standard             .         .     Jan.     1910, 

In  Press 

120 

Stamp  Mill  Accessories          .         .     Jan.     1910, 

Issued 

121 

Crushers  and  Crushing  Rolls         .     Jan.     1910, 

Issued 

Other  Bulletins  in  Preparation 

January  I5th,  1910 

INDEX 

Page 

Air,  Compression  of      . 

.     120-123 

Areas  of  Circles              .... 

104 

Belting    ...... 

117 

Board  Measure               .... 

118-119 

Boilers    ...... 

.     112-113 

Buildings,  Mill,  Approx.  Cost  of 

108 

Buildings,  Mill,  Material  for    . 

109 

Casing,  Oil  Gas  and  Well 

111 

Circles,  Areas  and  Circumferences 

104 

Concrete,  Mixture  of     . 

109 

Drills,  Air  required  for 

123 

Engines,  Horsepower  of            .             .             . 

114 

Factors,  Mathematical 

100 

Gauges,  Standard  Iron  and  Steel  Plate 

102 

Gears,  Horsepower  of  . 

116 

Hoisting  on  Inclines 

.     124-125 

Inclines,  Hoisting  on     . 

.     124-125 

Iron,  Weights  of            ...             . 

102-103 

Measure,  Board              ... 

118-119 

Measure  Tables              .... 

101 

Metric  Tables    ..... 

101 

Mills,  Saw           ..... 

126 

Mills,  Stamp       ..... 

108-109 

Miners  Inch  of  Water  .... 

110 

Multipliers,  Useful         .... 

100 

Pipe,  Gas,  Water  and  Steam    . 

IJl 

Power  Required  for  Mill  Parts 

115 

Pulleys    .             .             .             .             .    ■          . 

116 

Pumping              ..... 

110 

Recipes,  Workshop        .... 

105-107     , 

Ropes,  W^ire       ..... 

125 

Saws        .             .             .             .             ... 

126-128 

Shafting               ..... 

116 

Steel,  Weights  of           ...             . 

102-103 

Water      .             .             . 

110 

Water  Required  for  Mill  Parts 

115 

Weight  Tables                .             .             .             .             . 

101 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


Fi^  sd^ftl^rteft-; 25  cents  Q.q^firstifiw 

'  5'6-'cewte»4fl^6urOTeiay  overdue 

One  dollar  on  seventh  day  overdue. 


HOV 


4  m? 


jm^'^^ 


l^^i 


A9(i^ 


10M?.r5  2l 


«    ihmRBf 


iRi—Ci 


o  r»   fT 


JAS'^i'  t 


LD  21-100m-12,'46(A2012sl6)4120 


~       UNIVERSITY  OF  CAUFORNIA  LIBRARY 


